iiiiiimiiin  iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiJ  iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiTTr 


1786 


1924 


A   PATRIOTIC  HISTORY 


Including  a  Directory  of  the 
National  Democratic  Convention 


Issued  by 

THE  NEW  YORK  COUNTY  DEMOCRATIC  COMMITTEE 
Tammany  Hall  145  East  14th  Street 

J^cw  Yorl(  City,  June,  1924 


flllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllll.MllllilllilU 


SEYMOUR  DURST 


"When  you  leave,  please  leave  this  hook 

Because  it  has  been  said 
"Ever  thing  comes  t'  him  who  waits 

Except  a  loaned  book." 


^Vl  moo       6ox  51 


The  Story  of  Tammany 


* 


Compiled  by 
Edwin  P.  Kilroe      *     Abraham  Kaplan 
Joseph  Johnson 

Issued  by 

DEMOCRATIC  ORGANIZATION,  NEW  YORK  COUNTY 
Tammany  Hall  145  East  14th  Street 


June,  1924 


THE  LATE  CHAS   F.  MURPHY 
For  Twenty-two  Years  the  Leader  of  Tammany  Hall 
Sachem,  1898-1924 


<P<B£FAQe 

JO  HE  monograph  here  presented  provides  a  brief  sur- 
/  vey  of  the  achievement  of  Tammany;  it  gives  in 
outline  the  part  played  by  Tammany  in  the  forma- 
tion and  the  perpetuation  of  our  national  traditions  and 
political  institutions  as  well  as  in  the  stimulation  of  the 
growth  and  development  of  New  York  City — the  American 
Metropolis.  Its  purpose  is  to  recall,  in  review,  some  of 
Tammany's  tremendously  important  services  in  the  cause  of 
American  patriotism  and  to  epitomize  the  actual  workings 
of  that  institution. 

Tammany  is  inseparable  from  New  York — it  is  as  much 
a  part  of  the  world's  greatest  city  as  is  Broadway  or  Central 
Park.  The  growth  and  development  of  Tammany  and  New 
York  City  are  so  closely  knitted  that  the  history  of  cne  is 
the  history  of  the  other. 

From  the  ranks  of  Tammany  came  the  builders  of  our 
great  city — the  men  who  shaped  the  policies  and  formulated 
the  plans  which  fostered  the  city's  growth. 

Tammany's  great  public  services  to  the  city  and  to  the 
Nation  were  performed  with  an  unselfish  earnestness  that 
won  the  respect  of  its  contemporaries.  For  this  work  its 
membership  and  plan  of  organization  rendered  it  pecu- 
liarly fit. 

Tammany  Halrhas  survived  more  than  a  century  and  a 
quarter  of  storm  and  stress  during  which  it  has  exerted  a 
decisive  influence  upon  the  life  of  the  American  Common- 
weath.  This  institution  has  participated  in  numberless 
movements  of  social,  political  and  civic  import;  every  epoch, 
every  year,  has  seeji  its  affirmative  acts.  The  history  of 
no  other  similar  institution  is  so  fraught  with  epoch-making 
precedents,  nor  presents  a  more  useful  illustration  of  the 
working  out  of  our  republican  forms  and  the  healthy  growth 
of  the  sinews  of  true  democracy. 


These  traditions  and  this  environment  brought  forth 
Charles  F.  Murphy,  the  beloved  and  lamented  head  of  Tam- 
many Hall.  Courage,  patience,  charity,  loyalty  and  in- 
tegrity were  the  attributes  which  made  of  the  poor  East 
Side  boy  a  great  leader  and  a  fine  exemplar  of  the  type  of 
manhood  that  has  made  Tammany  a  national  institution. 


Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


The  Society  of  Tammany 


THE  American  Indian  has  contributed  to  our  history  and 
our  literature  two  heroic  characters,  Hiawatha1,  a  chief  ot 
the  Onondagas,  and  Tammany,  a  sachem  of  the  Delawares2. 
Hiawatha  conceived  and  founded  the  great  Iroquois  Confed- 
eracy 3,  America's  first  Republic,  a  potent  influence  for  the 
promotion  of  peace  and  amity  among  the  Indian  nations ; 
history  and  literature  have  accorded  undying  fame  to  this  great 
lawgiver  and  reformer  of  an  aboriginal  race. 

The  name  of  Tammany  is  preserved  in  history  by  a  series 
of  unusual  events,  while  in  literature,  as  the  patron  saint  of 
our  country  his  fame  is  perpetuated  by  legends,  odes  and 
poems.  He  is  also  honored  as  the  patron  and  guiding  spirit 
of  a  patriotic  and  fraternal  movement  that  gave  rise  to  a 
society  which  has  developed  into  a  powerful  patriotic  and 
political  organization. 

Tammany,  tutelary  saint  of  America,  as  a  character  stands 
unique.  Much  has  been  written  concerning  his  virtue,  prowess 
and  achievements ;  and  about  his  memory  a  kind  and  bounteous 
tradition  has  woven  numberless  romances  which  rival  the  tales 
of  Heracles  and  Theseus,  and  give  him  a  place  in  the  Indian 
lore  of  America  analagous  to  that  held  by  those  demi-gods 
in  ancient  Greek  mythology.  This  Nestor  of  the  American 
Indians,  whom  tradition  pleasingly  describes  as  the  embodi- 
ment of  wisdom  and  honor,  and  whose  ability,  benevolence, 
nobility  and  diplomatic  savoir  faire  brought  to  him  immortal 
renown,  was  a  sachem  of  the  Lenni-Lenape  or  Delaware  In- 
dians.    His  achievements  and  his   death   are  shrouded  in 

1  The  name  of  Hiawatha  is  made  famous  in  our  literature  by  Longfellow  in  his 
poem  "The  Song  of  Hiawatha."  Longfellow  based  his  poem  on  the  legend  of 
Hiawatha,  by  Schoolcraft  who,  evidently  confused  Hiawatha  with  Manabozho,  a 
fantastic  deity  of  the  Ojibways  and  thus  "a  grave  Iroquois  lawgiver  of  the  fifteenth 
century  has  become  in  modern  literature  an  Ojibway  demigod."  The  Term  Indian 
Summer  (Boston,  1902),  by  Albert  Matthews,  p.  46. 

*  The  Lenni-Lenape  or  Delaware  Indians  were  the  most  powerful  and  exalted  tribe 
of.  the  Eastern  Algonquin  Confederacy;  the  other  tribes  assigned  to  them  special 
dignity  and  authority;  the  early  settlers  called  them  Delaware  after  Lord  de  La 
Wane.  They  lived  on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  River  in  detached  tribes  under 
different  sachems,  occupying  the  entire  valley  from  its  source  to  its  Mouth.  This 
proud  and  powerful  nation  once  held  undisputed  sway  over  the  eastern  part  of  the 
American  Continent,  but  some  time  prior  to  1694  they  were  conquered  by  the 
Iroquois  Confederacy,  or  Five  Nations,  and  were  reduced  to  a  humiliating  condition 
of  political  vassalage. 

:<  The  Iroquois  Confederacy  was  remarkable  in  construction  and  ideals  and  in- 
cluded in  its  scope  the  establishment  of  peace  and  amity  between  all  tribes  of  men. 
Lossing,  the  historian,  refers  to  it  as  "a  practical  example  of  an  almost  pure 
democracy   most   remarkably  developed." 


5 


mystery,  while  only  a  short  period  of  his  life  is  actually  open 
to  the  scrutiny  of  research. 

For  years  he  is  known  to  have  been  in  contact  with  the 
whites,  but  during  that  period  the  early  settlers  left  no  written 
historic  record.  His  accomplishments  and  importance  have 
passed  on  to  posterity  by  reason  of  the  profound  impression 
his  force  of  genius  and  charm  of  personality  made  upon  his 
contemporaries. 

Some  Authentic  History. 

The  authentic  history  of  Tammany 4  is  short  and  simple, 
and  the  events  recorded  relate  solely  to  land  transactions  with 
the  white  settlers.  His  name  is  first  presented  in  writing,  to 
the  civilized  world,  on  June  23,  1683,  when  he  affixed  his 
mark  to  a  deed  of  that  date,  granting  to  William  Penn,  Pro- 
prietor, 

all  my  Lands  Lying  betwix  Pemmapecka  and  Nessaminehs  Creeks, 
and  all  along  Nesheminehs  Creeks  *  *  *  for  ye  Consideration  of 
so  much  Wampum,  so  many  Guns,  Shoes,  Stocking^,  Looking- 
glasses,  Blankets  and  other  goods  as  he,  ye  sd  William  Penn  shall 
•please  to  give  unto  me.3 

On  that  same  day,  Tammany  and  Metamequan,  another 
Sachem,  executed  a  joint  deed  and  affixed  their  respective 
marks  thereto,  granting  to  William  Penn  the  identical  lands 
that  Tammany  had  conveyed  in  the  previous  deed ;  and  at  the 
same  time  executed  a  receipt  for  the  consideration  received 
with  which  "We  doe  hereby  hold  ourselves  fully  contented 
and  satisfyed  6." 

On  June  25,  1683,  the  name  of  Tammany  appears  with  four 
other  Indian  names  in  witness  to  a  deed  given  by  Wingbone 
to  William  Penn  for 

Lands  Lying  on  ye  West  side  of  ye  Skolkill  River  beginning  from 
ye  first  Falls  of  ye  same  all  along  upon  ye  sd  River  and  Backward 
of  ye  same,  so  farr  as  my  right  goeth.7 

His  name  is  again  presented  for  our  consideration  in  a  letter 
written  by  William  Penn  to  the  Society  of  Traders  on  August 

*  I  ieckewelder  (History  of  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Indian  Nations, 
Phda.  181°,  p.  300),  spells  the  name  "Tamanend"  and  gives  its  significance  as 
"Affable."  John  I).  Prince,  Professor  of  Semetic  Language  at  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, states  (Aug.  10,  1910),  "the  name  means  'the  deserving"  or  'worthy  one', 
a  very  appropriate  designation  for  an  Indian  Chief  of  the  Importance  of  the 
original  Tammany." 

0  Peni'.a.  Archives  (First  series)   Vol.  I:  p.  62. 

B  ibid,   p.  64. 

7  ibid,  p,  65. 


King  Tu ma n cut. 
June  15,  16927" 
Signatures  of  Tamenend  (Saint  Tammany)  the  Chief  of  the 
Delaware  Indians  to  land  grants  to  William  Penn,  Provin- 
cial Governor  of  Pennsylvania. 


16,  1683.s  In  speaking  of  the  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indians, 
Penn  says : 

Their  language  is  lofty  yet  narrow :  *  *  *  I  must  say  that  I 
know  not  a  language  spoken  in  Europe,  that  hath  words  of  more 
sweetness,  in  accent  or  emphasis,  than  theirs ;  for  instance, 
TAMENE,  Secane,  Menase,  Secaterius,  are  the  names  of  persons. 

On  June  15,  1692,  the  name,  with  those  of  three  other 
Indians,  appears  on  a  quit-claim  deed  9.  By  this  instrument 
they  acknowledged 

full  Satisfaction  for  all  that  Tract  of  Land  formerly  belonging 
to  TAA1INENT  and  others  which  wee  parted  with  unto  William 
Penn,  Proprietor.  *  *  *  Therefore  wee  Doo  hereby  acquitt,  release 
&  discharg  the  said  proprietor  his  Heirs  &  Successrs  from  any  fur- 
ther claims,  dues  &  demands  whatsoever,  Concerning  the  said  Lands 
or  any  other  Tract  of  Land  claimed  by  us  from  the  beginning  of 
the  World  to  the  date  of  the  date  hereof. 

This  sweeping  conveyance  in  legal  effect  wiped  out  all  of  Tam- 
many's land  claims  in  Pennsylvania.  In  this  business  transac- 
tion his  native  shrewdness,  as  might  be  expected,  was  appar- 
ently over-matched,  for  the  white  representatives  of  the  Pro- 
prietor out-traded  him  and  drove  a  good  bargain. 

The  name  of  Tammany  next  appears  in  the  minutes  of  a 
meeting  of  the  Pennsylvania  Provincial  Council,  held  in  Phila- 
delphia on  July  6,  1694.  The  particular  business  of  the  Coun- 
cil was  to  confer  with  the  Delaware  Indians  concerning  a 
proposition  made  by  the  Seneca  Nation,  to  have  the  Delawares 
join  the  Senecas  in  a  war  against  the  French.  The  minutes 
of  this  meeting  contain  the  only  record  of  a  speech  made  by 
Tammany  that  may  be  considered  authentic.  During  the  con- 
ference according  to  the  Council  record,  Tammany  spoke  of 
the  whites  as  follows: 

We  and  the  Christians  of  this  River  have  allwayes  had  a  free 
rode  way  to  one  another,  &  tho'  sometimes  a  tree  has  fallen  across 
the  rode  yet  wee  have  still  removed  it  again  &  kept  the  path 
clean,  and  wee  design  to  Continou  the  old  friendshipp  that  has  been 
between  us  and  you. 

The  Council  assured  the  Indians  that  the  English  were  their 
friends  and  would  protect  them  from  both  the  French  and  the 
Senecas,  "So  they  all  departed  verie  well  satisfied  with  the  Lt. 
Governor's  answer  10." 

Again,  the  names  of  Tammany  and  four  members  of  his 
household — his  two  sons,  his  brother  and  the  heir-apparent  to 

SW.  Penn.  Works   (London,   1782)  IV:305. 

9  Penna.  archives   (First  series)  1:116. 

10  Penna.   Colonial   Records  1:447. 


8 


the  chieftancy  of  the  Delaware  Nation — appear  in  a  deed  dated 
July  6,  1697' n,  of  which  the  following  excerpt  is  pertinent: 
We,  TAMINY  Sachimach  and  Weheeland,  my  Brother  and  Wee- 
heequeckhon,  alias  Andrew,  who  is  to  be  King  after  my  death, 
Yaqueekhon  alias  Nicholas,  and  Quenemeckquid,  Alias  Charley 
my  sonns,  for  the  Consideration  of  Twenty  Matchcoats,  Twelve 
White  Blankets,  Ten  Kettles,  Twelve  Guns,  Thirty  Yards  of 
Shirting  Cloth,  one  Runlett  of  Powder,  Ten  Barrs  of  Lead,  fforty 
yards  of  Stroud  Waters,  Twenty  Parrs  of  Stockins,  one  Horse, 
ffifty  pounds  of  Tobacco,  Six  Dozens  of  Pipe*  and  Thirty  Shill- 
ings in  Cash  *  *  *  Do  give,  grant,  alien,  sell,  enfeoff  and  confirm 
unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  Heirs  and  Assigns,  All  the  Lands, 
Woods,  Meadows.  Rivers,  Rivulets,  Mines,  Minerals,  and  Royalties 
Whatsoever,  situated  lyeing  and  being  Between  the  Creek  called 
Pemopeck  and  the  creek  called  Neshaminy,  in  the  said  Province 
Extending  in  Length  from  the  River  Delaware,  so  fair  as  a  Horse 
can  Travel  in  Two  Summer  dayes,  ami  to  carry  its  breadth  accord- 
ingly as  the  several  Courses  of  the  said  two  Creeks  will  Admit, 
And  when  the  said  Creek  do  so  branch  that  the  main  Branches  or 
bodies  thereof  cannot  be  discovered.  Then  the  Tract  of  Land  hereby 
granted,  shall  stretch  forth  upon  a  direct  course  on  each  side  and 
so  carry  on  the  fful  Breath  to  the  extent  of  the  Length  thereof. 

We  again  find  the  name  of  Tammany  in  print  in  1698  in 
an  article  1>\  Gabriel  Thomas,  who  arrived  in  America  shortly 
after  the  landing  of  W  illiam  Penn  and  spent  some  fifteen  years 
among  the  early  settlers.  On  his  return  to  London  he  pub- 
li-shed  an  interesting  acconnt  of  his  experiences  in  America, 
in  which  he  alludes  to  Tammany. 

This  brief  record  of  Tammany's  dealings  with  the  English 
settlers  completes  his  authentic  biography.  It  discloses  merely 
a  series  of  business  relations  in  each  of  which  the  Chief  ap- 
pears to  have  been  outbargained  by  the  business  tact  and 
shrewdness  of  his  white  neighbors.  W  ith  the  mere  reference 
to  his  name  by  Thomas  in  169S,  Tammany  or  Tamenend 
passes  from  history. 

In  the  year  1771  Tammany  is  introduced  to  the  American 
colonists  in  the  guise  of  a  Saint,  with  the  First  day  of  May 
set  aside  as  sacred  to  his  name.  How  this  remarkable  trans- 
formation took  place,  and  why  Tammany,  the  chief  of  an 
Indian  Tribe,  was  selected  for  colonial  canonization,  are 
debatable  questions. 

In  the  reports  of  festal  gatherings  held  in  Philadephia  it  is 
related  in  the  Freeman's  Journal  of  that  city  that  on  May  1, 
1783,  "the  portraiture  of  our  true  old  Saint  with  his  well 
known  motto  'Kawanio  Chee  Keteru'  "  12  was  displayed  at 
the  head  of  the  banquet  table  and  that  at  the  celebration  of 

11  Penna.  archives   (First  series)    11,  124. 

"  Freeman's  Journal,  Phila.   May  3,   1783;  May.  2,  1785. 


9 


May  1,  1785,  "the  flag  of  the  United  States  ornamented  with 
a  fine  figure  of  St.  Taminy  was  displayed  in  the  centre" ;  and 
on  May  1,  1786,  "The  standard  of  St.  Tammany  was  displayed, 
supported  on  the  right  by  the  flag  of  France,  and  on  the  left 
by  that  of  the  United  States  of  Holland."  Local  tradition 
is  that  during  the  revolution  Pennsylvania  Troops  carried  a 
flag  that  bore  the  portrait  of  St.  Tammany. 
William  Penn,  thus  depicted  the  Chief : 

We  found  him  an  old  man,  but  yet  vigorous  in  mind  and  body, 
with  high  notions  of  liberty,  easily  won  by  the  suavity  and  peaceful 
address  of  the  Governor. 

James  Fenimore  Cooper,  gave  what  purports  to  be  a  full 
description  of  Tammany  and  reveals  him  presiding  over  a 
Council  of  the  Delawares  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  George, 
New  York,  in  the  year  1757  13 . 

"I  am  Tamanend  of  many  days"  the  Chief  is  credited  with 
stating  in  the  story  to  emphasize  Cooper's  idea  of  the  great 
age  of  Tammany.  The  description,  however,  is  based  on 
legends  and  traditions  current  when  Cooper  wrote  in  1825. 

Tradition  has  it  that  Tammany  was  the  first  Delaware  Chief 
to  welcome  Penn  on  his  arrival  in  America,  on  October  27, 
1682,  and  that  he  was  present,  in  June,  1683,  at  the  Great 
Treaty  under  the  Elm  at  Schakamaxon.  History,  however, 
has  left  no  record  of  the  persons  who  were  present  on  these 
two  occasions.  Indians  in  attendance  at  the  Treaty  were  the 
entire  tribe  of  the  Susquehannocks  and  the  Unami  and 
Unalachtigo  clans  of  the  Delawares14.  The  object  of  the 
meeting  was  to  confirm  the  land  grants  previously  made  to 
William  Penn,  and  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  friendship,  "to  last 
as  long  the  sun  should  shine  and  the  waters  run  into  the 
rivers." 

The  abiding  place  of  Tammany  has  been  assigned  by  history 
to  Wilmington,  Delaware;  Princeton,  New  Jersey;  Easton, 
Scranton  and  Delaware  Water  Gap,  Pennsylvania ;  the  upper 
Ohio  Valley ;  Northern  New  York ;  and  Tammany  Flats, 
Damascas  Township.  Wayne  County,  Pennsylvania.  It  is 
known  that  at  one  period  his  abode  was  on  the  lower  Delaware 
River  and  along  the  fertile  banks  of  the  Neshaminy  creek  in 
Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  land  which,  between  1683 
and  1697,  he  conveyed  to  William  Penn. 

M  "The   Last   of  the   Mohicans"  chap.  28,  line  330. 

u  At  this  meeting  Tammany  is  said  to  have  given  Wm.  Penn  a  wampum  belt  of 
peace,  which  is  still  preserved  in  the  Historical  Society  of  Penna.- — History  of 
Wilkes-Harrc  ( Wilkes-Barre,  Pa,  1909),  by  Oscar  Jewell  Harvey,  1:113. 


10 


Wampum  belt  said  to  have  been  given  to  William  Penn  by  Chief 
Tamenend  in  June,  1683,  at  the  Great  Treaty  under  the  Elm 
at  Schakamaxon. 


Three  places,  widely  separated,  claim  the  grave  of  Tammany. 
The  view  that  he  was  buried  on  the  spot  where  now  stands 
Nassau  Hall  at  Princeton;  New  Jersey,  has  no  reliable  data 
to  support  it.  For  the  story  that  he  was  buried  at  Muskingum, 
Ohio,  and  a  huge  mound  erected  over  his  grave,  no  confirma- 
tion whatever  can  be  found. 

An  elaborate  set  of  circumstances  is  advanced  as  evidence  of 
his  burial  beside  a  spring  near  the  bank  of  the  Neshaminy 
creek  in  New  Britain  township,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Tradition  of  that  vicinity  relates  that  about  1740  or  1750 
an  aged  chief  with  his  followers  was  proceeding  to  attend 
a  conference  with  the  Pennsylvania  Proprietaries  at  Philadel- 
phia.   The  chief,  too  infirm  to  walk,  was  carried  by  youngei 
members  of  the  part)'.    They  halted  near  a  spring,  where  a 
hut  was  built  for  the  old  man.    When  night  came  on  they 
decamped,  leaving  the  old  man  under  the  care  of  an  Indian 
girl.    On  awakening  the  following  morning,  he  became  s 
distressed  and  enraged  at  finding  himself  deserted  that  h 
sought  death  by  stabbing  himself ;  but  his  weakness  frustate 
this  attempt.     Persevering  in  his  endeavor  to  take  his  ow 
life,  he  set  fire  to  his  bed  of  leaves  and  threw  himself  upon  it 

The  other  Indians,  who,  in  the  absence  of  their  chief,  wer 
denied  an  audience  by  the  Proprietaries,  returned  to  the  hu 
and  found  the  old  man  dead.  The  white  settlers  had  the  body 
buried  near  the  hut,  in  the  presence  of  the  other  Indians. 
This  legend  of  Tammany's  death  which  found  favor  in  the 
popular  imagination,  supplied  the  theme  for  odes  and  poems, 
and  its  action  was  reproduced  in  pantomime  as  a  part  of  the 
ceremonial  of  the  early  Tammany  societies'  celebrations  15 . 

It  is  evident  that  the  chief  buried  was  not  Tammany,  for  i 
Tammany  had  been  alive  as  late  as  1749  he  would  scarce! 
have  escaped  the  attention  of  the  Moravian  Missionaries  v.h 
began  their  work  among  the  Delaware  Indians  as  early  a 
1742.  There  is  no  direct  evidence  of  the  date  of  Tammany5 
death,  but  from  collateral  facts  it  would  seem  that  he  wa 
called  to  his  fathers  about  1698,  for  in  that  year  Owhala  (o 
Ochale,  Owechela),  who  has  been  identified  as  Tammany' 
brother,  is  mentioned  in  the  Maryland  Council  Records  a 
King  of  the  Delawares. 

However,  this  tradition  is  still  cherished  in  that  locality 
and  the  1  hicks  County  Historical  Society  has  recently  pur 
chased  the  ground  where  the  supposed  Tammany  was  burie 

15  New    York  Journal   and    Patriotic    Register,   May    19,  1792. 


12 


and  has  selected  a  monument  to  be  erected  over  the  grave, 
bearing  this  inscription  : 

To  the  Memory  of 
The  Celebrated  Lenape  Chieftain 
TAMENEND. 
Once  owner  of  this  and  all  land  Between 
Neshaminy  and  Pennypack  creeks.  These 
stones  are  placed  at  this  spot  near  which 
an  aged  Indian  called  Tammany  by  the 
pioneers  of  Bucks  County  was  buried  by 
white  men  about  the  year  1750. 

It  is  said  that  Tammany  adopted  the  motto  "Kwanio  Che 
Keeteru,"  which  has  been  translated  as  "I  am  master  wher- 
ever I  am."  The  phrase  is  ancient,  for  in  1747  the  Schuylkill 
Fishing  Company,  a  social  club,  presented  to  the  Association 
Battery,  a  local  Company  of  Militia,  a  "new  thirty-two 
pounder"  cannon  on  which  was  stamped  the  words  said  to 
have  been  the  motto  of  the  venerable  Chief  Tammany.  This 
cannon  was  used  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  on 
April  23,  1783,  was  restored  to  the  Fishing  Company.  The 
phrase  was  later  according  to  the  Philadelphia  Independent, 
adopted  as  the  motto  of  the  Society  of  the- Sons  of  St.  Tam- 
many in  Philadelphia. 

An  interesting  phase  of  the  research  concerning  Tammany 
is  presented  by  the  Walam  ( Hum.  a  record  purporting  to 
preserve  the  primitive  legends  and  traditions  of  the  Lenni- 
Lenape  Indians.  The  legends  were  recorded  in  Dictographs 
or  hieroglyphics  to  perpetuate  the  chants  by  which  the  tribal 
legendary  had  been  kept  alive.  As  a  whole  it  represents  the 
traditions  of  the  Delaware's  with  reference  to  the  Creation, 
and  the  tribal  migration  from  the  north  or  west  to  the 
Atlantic  Coast  line.  From  the  beginning  of  this  migration 
to  the  advent  of  the  white  men,  the  nation  was  ruled  by 
ninety-four  chiefs,  two  of  whom,  the  thirty-first  and  seventy- 
sixth,  respectively,  were  named  Tamenend.  The  reference  in 
the  Olum  to  Tamenend  the  seventy-sixth  chief,  follows: 

"Again  an  Affable  was  Chief,  and  made  peace  with  all. 
All  were  friends,  all  were  united  under  this  great  Chief." 

Careful  research  reveals  thai  the  canonization  of  Tammany 
may  be  traced  to  the  Schuylkill  Fishing  Company,  a  society  or 
club  established  in  1732  by  Quakers  of  Philadelphia^.  'Ac- 
cording to  the  records  of  this  club,  certain  Indian  chiefs, 
including  Tammany,  granted  to  its  members  and  their  suc- 
cessors the  right  to  tish  and  hunt  within  defined  limits  in  the 
waters  of  the  Schuylkill  and  the  adjacent  woods.    Each  year 

1U  This   is   the   oldest   social   club   in  Pennsylvania. 


13 


the  sporting  season  opened  on  May  first,  which  became  a  day 
of  festivity  to  members  of  the  club.  The  society  adopted 
Tammany  as  its  Patron  and  Saint,  and  May  first  was  assigned 
as  his  day.  On  May  11,  1782,  when  victory  for  the  American 
colonists  seemed  assured,  the  Club,  which  had  become  known 
as  the  "Colony  in  Schuylkill,"  changed  its  name  to  the  "State 
in  Schuylkill"  and  adopted  new  by-laws,  among  which  we 
note  the  following: 

10th.  There  shall  be  the  following  meetings  of  the  Governor  and 
Council  annually,  *  *  *  One  on  the  first  of  May,  to  commemorate 
the  day  of  our  illustrious  Saint  and  Patron,  St.  Tammany." 

This  custom  of  adopting  patrons  is  of  remote  origin,  prac- 
ticed among  the  guilds  and  trades  of  ancient  Greece  and 
Rome,  and,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  adopted  by  governments, 
which  denominated  Saints  of  the  Church  as  their  patrons. 
Later  societies  also  selected  saints,  from  whom  their  ideals 
were  derived,  and  to  whom  their  activities  were  dedicated. 
The  Schuylkill  Fishing  Company,  in  conformity  with  this 
custom,  most  naturally  selected  as  its  patron  saint  the  Indian 
chief,  who,  had  inhabited  that  region,  and  who  sold  to  Wil- 
liam Penn  the  very  ground  on  which  stood  the  "State  House" 
of  the  Society.  It  also  adopted  as  its  motto  the  words  said 
to  have  been  the  favorite  maxim  of  the  Chief. 

Following  the  success  of  this  society,  two  other  fishing 
clubs  were  organized  17  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill  prior 
to  the  Revolution,  and  on  every  first  of  May  the  fishing  season 
was  opened  with  much  ceremony.  As  the  clubs  grew  in  im- 
portance and  prestige,  their  celebration  gained  in  social  splen- 
dor and  spread  through  Philadelphia  and  its  vicinity  the  fame 
of  the  original  club's  saint  and  patron. 

From  the  meager  data  at  hand,  it  would  seem  that  the 
appellation  "Saint"  was  not  generally  accepted  at  Philadel- 
phia until  1773,  for  in  May,  1772,  the  name,  so  far  as  we  can 
learn,  first  appeared  in  print  in  Philadelphia  as  "King  Tam- 
many" 18  when  the  "Sons  of  King  Tammany"  held  their  first 
meeting.  However,  on  June  14,  1772,  the  name  appears  in 
the  public  press  as  "King  (or  Saint)  Tammany,"  and  by  1773 
his  claim  to  canonization  was  well  established. 

On  April  28,  1773,  the  following  notice  of  a  meeting  of  the 
Sons  of  Saint  Tammany  made  its  appearance: 

"As  all  nations  have  for  seven  centuries  past,  adopted  some  great 
personage,  remarkable  for  his  virtues  and  love  for  Civil  and  Re- 
ligious liberty,  as  their  Tutelar  Saint  and  annually  assembled  on  a 
fixed  day  to  commemorate  him,  the  Natives  of  this  flourishing 

17  The    Mount    Regale    Fishing    Co.    and    the    St.    David    Fishing    Co.;  Penna 

Mag.  27:88. 

18  Penna.  Chronicle  May  4,  1772;  May  11,  1772;  June  15,  1772. 


14 


Province,  determined  to  follow  so  laudable  an  example,  and  for 
some  years  past  have  adopted  a  Great  Warrior  Sachem  and  Chief, 
named,  St.  Tammany,  a  fast  friend  to  our  forefathers,  to  be  the 
tutelar  Saint  of  this  Province,  and  have  hitherto,  on  the  First  of 
May,  done  the  accustomed  honors  to  the  memory  of  so  great  and 
celebrated  a  Personage." 

The  invitation  of  April  28,  1773,  indicates  clearly  that  Tam- 
many had  been  known  as  "Saint"  for  some  years,  despite  the 
apparent  lack  of  recognition  in  the  public  press,  and  that  he 
had  been  unofficially  adopted  as  the  tutelar  Saint  of  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania. 

In  pre-revolutionary  days  Philadelphia  was  the  center  of 
heated  discussions  of  England's  tyranny,  and  when  the  revolu- 
tion broke  out  the  Pennsylvania  troops  quite  naturally  adopted 
their  Provincial  Saint  as  Patron  and  Guide.  This  example  was 
followed  by  the  Continental  Army,  and  during  the  revolution- 
ary war  the  natal  day  of  Saint  Tammany  was  celebrated  both  at 
home  and  on  the  field  19 .  This  observance  was  continued  by  the 
army  long  after  the  conclusion  of  war,  until  discontinued  by 
order  of  General  Dearborn,  and  then  only  as  a  part  of  the  pol- 
icy of  retrenchment  instituted  by  President  Jefferson. 

The  passing  of  Tammany  as  a  native  chief,  and  his  accession 
to  the  dignity  of  Patron  Saint  is  marked  by  progressive  steps. 
Between  1773  and  1789,  in  the  process  of  evolution  from  the 
obscurity  of  a  local  patron  to  the  dignity  of  a  national  figure, 
his  glory  and  achievements  were  celebrated  in  story  and  song. 
The  annual  celebrations  of  the  Sons  of  Saint  Tammany  of 
Philadelphia  were  usually  graced  by  the  delivery  of  an  ode  or 
poem  dedicated  to  the  memory  of  the  Saint  and  his  day.  A 
poem  delivered  on  one  of  these  occasions  is  repeated  here,  as 
typical  of  the  eulogies  offered  in  his  honor.    Here  it  is : 

Character  of  St.  Tammany20 
When  superstition's  dark  and  haughty  plan 
Fettered  the  genius  and  debased  the  man, 
Each  trifling  legend  was  a  truth  received; 
The  priest  invented,  and  the  crowd  believed ; 
Nations  adored  the  whim  in  stone  or  paint, 
And  gloried  in  the  fabricated  saint. 
Some  holy  guardian,  hence,  each  nation  claims — 
Gay  France  her  Dennis,  and  grave  Spain  her  James, 
Britons  at  once  two  mighty  saints  obey — 
Andrew  and  George  maintain  united  sway, 
O'er  humbler  lands  the  same  old  whim  prevails  : 

19  "Headquarters,  Greenville,  30  April  1795.  The  first  of  Mav  being  the  anni- 
versary of  St.  Tammany,  the  tutelary  Saint  of  America,  all  the  troops  fit  for 
duty  on  this  ground  are  to  receive  one  Jill  of  whiskey  per  man." — Gen.  Anthony 
\\  ayne's   Orderly   Book,   p.  85. 

20  This  poem  was  written  by  William  Pi  itchard,  a  membe -  of  the  Phila.  Tammanv 
Society  and  a  well  known  book  seller.  It  achieved  great  popularity  and  was  widelv 
reprinted  in  the  Journals  of  the  day. 


15 


Ireland  her  Patrick;  boasts  her  David,  Wales. 

We  Pennsylvanians,  these  old  tales  reject, 

And  our  own  saint  think  proper  to  erect — 

Immortal  Tammany  of  Indian  Race, 

Great  in  the  fields,  and  foremost  in  the  chase. 

No  puny  saint  was  he,  with  fasting  pale, 

He  climbed  the  mountains,  and  swept  the  vale ; 

Rushed  through  the  torrent  with  unequaled  might ; — 

Your  ancient  saints  would  tremble  at  the  sight — 

Caught  the  swift  boar,  and  swifter  deer  with  ease, 

And  worked  a  thousand  miracles  like  these. 

To  public  views,  he  added  private  ends, 

And  loved  his  country  most,  and  next  his  friends. 

With  courage  long  he  strove  to  ward  the  blow, 

(Courage  we  all  respect,  E'en  in  a  foe)  — 

And  when  each  effort  he  in  vain  had  tried, 

Kindled  the  flame  in  which  he  bravely  died! 

To  Tammany  let  the  full  horn  go  round; 

His  fame  let  every  honest  tongue  resound; 

With  him  let  every  generous  patriot  vie 

To  live  in  freedom,  or  with  honor  die! 

Nor  shall  I  think  my  labor  too  severe, 

Since  ye,  wise  sachems,  kindly  deign  to  bear. 

Most  of  the  legends  of  Tammany  and  his  remarkable  per- 
formances obtained  currency  through  an  oration  delivered  by 
Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  an  eminent  scholar,  before  the  Tammany 
Society  or  Columbian  Order  in  the  City  of  New  York  on  May 
12,  1795,  and  by  the  reports  of  missionaries  among  the  Dela- 
ware Indians,  as  exemplified  by  John  G.  B.  Heckewelder,  a 
Moravian. 

Heckewelder,  who  was  long  a  missionary  among  the  Dela- 
ware's, has  recorded  many  of  their  traditions.  His  work  21 
on  the  Delaware  Indians  contains  the  following  lofty  estimate  of 
Tammany  : 

The  name  of  Tamanend  is  held  in  the  highest  veneration  among 
the  Indians.  Of  all  the  Chiefs  and  great  men  which  the  Lenapo 
Nation  ever  had,  he  stands  foremost  on  the  list.  But  although  many 
fabulous  stories  are  circulated  about  him  among  the  whites,  but 
little  of  his  history  is  known.    *    *  * 

All  we  know,  therefore,  of  Tamanend,  is  that  he  was  an  ancient 
Delaware  Chief,  who  never  had  his  equal.  He  was  in  the  highest 
degree  endowed  with  wisdom,  virtue,  prudence;  charity,  affability, 
meekness,  hospitality,  in  short,  with  every  good  and  noble  qualifi- 
cation that  a  human  being  may  possess.  He  was  supposed  to  have 
had  an  intercourse  with  the  Great  and  Good  Spirit;  for  he  was  a 
stranger  to  everything  that  is  bad. 

This  appraisal  by  a  noted  missionary  will  serve  as  an  explana- 
tion of  why  the  white  settlers  and  their  successors  so  revered 
and  honored  Tammany. 

21  History,  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Indian  Nations.  (Phila.  1819),  by 
John  G.   B.   Heckewelder,  p.  300. 


16 


Origin  of  the  Tammany  Societies 


THE  celebration  of  May  1  as  "St.  Tammany's  Day  led 
to  the  establishment  of  Tammany  Societies  in  the 
American  Colonies.  The  Schuylkill  Fishing  Company,  a 
social  club,  organized  in  Philadelphia  in  1732,  inaugurated  the 
outdoor  season  on  the  first  day  of  May  of  each  year  with 
festive  social  functions.  These  celebrations  attracted  public 
notice  and  inspired  emulation.  Two  other  societies  were 
formed  shortly  afterward.  Their  members  disported  along  the 
banks  of  the  river,  closely  following  the  forms  and  ceremonies 
of  the  original  club. 

This  May  day  celebration,  heralding  the  coming  of  Spring, 
in  what  was  then  the  American  metropolis,  became  a  holiday 
recognized  and  observed  throughout  southeastern  Pennsyl- 
vania and  the  colonies  on  the  south. 

The  first  celebrations  of  "St.  Tammany's  Day"  were  festivals 
of  the  common  people,  who  went  through  their  antics  and 
concluded  by  "taking  up  a  collection."  No  accurate  record 
of  the  beginning  of  these  celebrations  is  available  and  the 
earliest  account  is  given  in  a  letter  written  by  William  Eddis 
at  Annapolis,  December  24th  1771,  who  has  described  the 
event : 

"The  first  of  May  is  set  apart  to  the  memory  of  Saint  Tamina, 
on  which  occasion  the  natives  wear  a  piece  of  buck's  tail  in  their 
hats,  or  in  some' conspicuous  situation.  During  the  course  of  the 
evening,  and  generally  in  the  midst  of  a  dance,  the  company  are 
interrupted  by  the  sudden  intrusion  of  a  number  of  persons  habited 
like  Indians,  who  rush  violently  into  the  room,  singing  the  war  song, 
giving  the  whoop,  and  dancing  in  the  stile  of  those  people;  after 
which  ceremony  they  retire  well  satisfied  with  their  reception  and 
entertainment." 

This  spirit  of  celebration  spread  southward  from  Phila- 
delphia and  the  custom  became  deeply  rooted  in  the  adjacent 
cities,  and  gradually  the  festivity  became  of  moment  in  the 
affairs  of  the  central  and  southern  colonies  and  won  for  itself 
a  place  in  public  esteem. 

The  first  permanent  Tammany  society  was  established  in 
Philadelphia  on  May  1,  1772,  and  was  called  "The  Sons  of 
King  Tammany."  Its  purpose  was  the  promotion  of  charity 
and  patriotism.  The  Pennsylvania  Chronicle  described  the 
meeting  and  outlined  its  purposes  in  the  following  words : 

On  Friday,  the  first  instant,  a  number  of  Americans,  Sons  of  King 
Tammany,  met  at  the  house  of  Mr.  James  Byrn,  to  celebrate  the 
memory  of  that  truly  noble  Chieftain  whose  friendship,  was  most 


17 


affectionately  manifested  to  the  worthy  founder  and  first  settlement 
of  this  Province.  After  dinner  the  circulating  glass  was  crowned 
with  wishes,  loyal  and  patriotic,  and  the  day  was  concluded  with 
much  cheerfulness  and  harmony.  It  is  hoped  from  this  small 
beginning,  a  society  may  be  formed  of  great  utility  to  the  distressed; 
as  this  meeting  was  more  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  Charity 
and  Benevolence,  than  Mirth  and  Festivity. 

In  1773  the  Society  in  Philadelphia  changed  its  name  to 
"Sons  of  Saint  Tammany."  and  was  thus  referred  to  in  the 
public  prints  in  the  notice  for  the  annual  meeting  of  that  year. 
Invitations  to  attend  this  gathering  were  extended  to  one 
hundred  and  twenty-one  of  the  most  influential  men  in  the 
colony,  including  the  Governors  of  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey,  scholars,  members  of  bench  and  bar,  and  men  of 
letters. 

On  the  list  of  those  invited  are  noted  the  names  of  Biddle, 
Bradford,  Cadwalader.  Chew..  Hamilton..  Lawrence,  Logan, 
Mifflin,  Meredith,  Xorris.  Pemberton,  Penrose.  Read,  Rush, 
Rittenhouse,  Shippen  and  Wharton. 

Those  who  attended  were  imbued  with  a  keen  sense  of 
human  sympathy,  for  a  fund  was  raised  for  distribution  among 
confined  debtors. 

That  Society  perfected  a  permanent  organization,  electing 
annually  thirteen  Sachems  as  a  Board  of  Directors,  a  Chief 
or  President  and  a  Secretary.  It  also  adopted  gorgets  and 
other  insignia  of  office  and  revived  old  customs  of  the  earlier 
celebrations  of  May  First  and  smoked  the  calumet  or  pipe  of 
peace  at  each  meeting.  During  the  war  for  Independence 
the  Society  waned  but  after  the  Treaty  of  Peace  was  signed 
it  took  on  new  life  and  continued  its  celebrations  with  renewed 
glory.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  fete  on  May  1st,  1784,  the 
Society  marched  in  a  bodv  to  serenade  General  Washington, 
who,  at  that  time,  was  visiting  Philadelphia.  After  the  bril- 
liant celebration  of  May  1st,  1786,  factions  divided  the  Societv 
on  questions  of  internal  policies  of  the  National  Government, 
and  it  slowly  became  disintegrated  and  its  activities  ceased. 
This  ended  the  most  important  organization  in  the  early 
history  of  the  movement. 

Spread  of  the  Tammany  Idea. 

The  Philadelphia  Society  was  the  parent  stem  of  the 
Tammany  Societies  in  the  United  States.  From  Philadel- 
phia the  movement  spread  into  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  The 
Society's  celebration  in  the  City  of  Richmond  in  1785  was 


18 


j'                         A      LIST  | 

|St.  TA  M  M  ANfYj 

*'                   On  TBI  mmt  or   MAY,  .  1 773-  * 

E  -r  AVF*;  Allen   Em        Jofeph  Galloway,  Efq.    *  Samuel  PoweJ,  Efq;  £ 

I  VsLt  AflcTUl*.  George  Glcntworth.! Mr.  Jofeph  Pemberton.  ^ 
|  J    Mr.  Wdham  Allen,  J  Mr.  Benjamin  G.bbs.     C  N  r.  Edward  Penmn^on,  £ 

,  r  .         f  J  Mr.  Thomas  Pcnrolc, 

£  Mr.  Matth.as  Afpdcn.               jam.HarruUon,Efq;  *Mr.  Jam„  Pcnrofe.  < 

5               ...                  ¥  Andrew  Hamilton,  Efq;^  & 

1  Erf  ,  it  mi    &       ^William  Hamilton,  Efq  >jDhn  Ror5,  Efq:  1 

lw   ?tBt    '  E*     ?  Michael  HiUegaft,  Efq,  *jofcph  Rcad.  Efq:  1 

£Mr.  John  Baynton.       IMr  waUam  Hockley,           Jofeph  tedman,  ^ 

1  Kr'  ST"'  S   ?I  '  1    *  Mr"  Rcubcn  Hames'      W  John   Rfdn.an.  5 

|MuJWham  Bradford.  '  M  j     ^r*reysjun.2M,  nav,dV,>nhoufe,  g 

|  Mr.  Ubma,  Bedford*  *  JnJj^Hks.  fo,  *  Mr                   rts,  I 

I  Mr.  rhomas  Bond,  |un.f  Mr  jacobSamue(Howel.JDr.  Benjamin  RuO.,  t 

C  Mr.  John  Bayard.        J  Mr  £     Hepburn,     C jHCl)b  Rufhi  Efq;  * 

I  J*'  Keph  Buhock.      ,  Mr.  George  Henry.        ig^.  jhornas  Read.  J 

£  Mr.  James  Eudden.  D  V  9 
>c    .         ri                 f  Abel  Ja,,c.  Efq.     •      £SamMei  shoeriraker,  Efq;  ? 

I  S^r.^be^  5"*  Hobc.W.uclJ.ne^  | 
*  Mr.  John  Cadwalader,   I  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn.            Ijofcph  Shipper,.  JOB.  Elq.  g 

5  Mr.  La.nbt.  fcadwalader,  3  Mr.  Henry  KeppeUe.jun.Cj*.  W  rn.  Sbppen,  jun.  £ 

Vn     i  pi         l  r       j"                               IMr,  Joseph  Swift;  •< 

£  »,*   ,  i    ;Ter'  i  r       %  Hon.  John  tawrence,Efq;  *CapL  Robert  Sbcwali,  X 

1  Sr  £S  r»     i  :      r  1  homas  I  awrence,  Elq.W  Thomas  Smith.  % 

I  Mr-  Jrter  Chevalier.     J  Mf  ^  L>u.rcnrc>  Jim.  £  J 

I  \f*  ,  ,P  r         ,  ?;   v  John  I  awrence,jun.  Efq,  *Jamcs  Tilghman,  Efq;  % 

3  m          r    A;  J            v  i  illnm  Logan.  Efq;    Vm,  Tench  T.lghman,  * 

£  Mr  Saber.  CUy            tfMr  Jame»  L°^n'         %Richard  T.l^man.  Efq;  S 

^  Mr,  i-jocrt                    ^  Johrr  Lukers,  Efq;          >  Mr.  i'eter  Turner,  | 

f      rr„     yMr.  lehe  Luketu,          %\lr.  Wdliani  Turner.  \4 

v  lolfc  Dicker.fon.  Eiq;     ?        J                ...          T  ^ 

f  ievd.  Mr.  Ducbe.  k  James  Luken|,  Efiji  i  | 
|  Mr.  Henry  DrinVer.     JPcteI           Efcl;        jHon.  Tho.  \  ,  ltng,  Efq;  | 

!•>  il  i\tt.u  .  I  a  Res-.  Mr.  \>  nte.  .  ^ 
I  Mr.  J.!,„Dumeld.         JMr.  Mordecai   Lew*     1 M,.  jofeph  Wharton,  fen.  J 

....          F  Samuel  MdTlm,  Efq:      Cstfidicn  Watts  Ffa  < 

r.dwalad.r  Evans,                   Mtiflin   Efq.      K^^^^L  5 

iH  r'r?brFnlCn  f  **"  M°'  ""V  3'*  ^Mr.  Tho.  Wl.anon.  fen.  | 
B  Mr.  Caleb  Emlen.          |Mr   Samuel  Morr.s.  JUX1.  vMr.  ,ofc  h  Wharton,  jun.  ^ 

>                                     4  Mr.  Samuel  Cad.  Morns,  i..    lames  Wiarton  4 

g       E-llencyGovernor  !  Samufl  Mcred,th,  Efq;  *^  /^"v.^.n?  1 

|    Franklin.                  Mr.  George  Morgan,     ^Mr.  Tho.  Wharton,  jun.  j 

V  -nPu  Jit    Tr          *iMr-  Am,,ot,y  Morr,s>  re"^  Mr.  Jofeph  Wood.  ^ 

I  Judab  Fcnjlke.  Efq;         .  Mi.ThomasMurga.royd.ij^,    f££  UlLoff>  ^ 

g  Mr.  rencn  Francis,       *                                 3    f.  >h  Wonall  F.fn  a 

«  rurbutt  Francis.  Efqj     J  George  Koartb.  Efq;     C^'ViiHamViflei?  ^ 

C  Micrs  Fifher,  Elq;          *^                               Cv.    '  .t- 1     i    vr.  * 

I  Mr   William  Elflier,  jun.  f  Hon.  Governor  Penn.     *Akx.  «  dcocU.  Elq;  J 

§  Mr.  Moore  Furman.       ^Richard  Peters,  jun.  EfqtjlMr.  John  WftcoCkS,  B 


A  Tammany  Commemoration  in  Philadelphia,  1773 


made  notable  by  the  presenee  of  General  Washington,  who 
recorded  the  occasion  in  his  diary. 

In  1779,  we  find  the  first  notice  of  a  Tammany  celebration 
in  New  Jersey.  Because  of  the  strength  of  the  Tory  senti- 
ment there,  however,  even  the  press  was  loth  to  give  publicity 
to  the  affairs  of  the  Society.  It  is  recorded  however,  that 
William  DeHart,  an  officer  in  the  American  Army  and  later 
a  prominent  attorney  of  Morristown,  New  Jersey,  was  elected 
President,  and  Ebenezer  Elmer,  an  army  surgeon  was  chosen 
secretary ;  an  elaborate  certificate  of  membership  was  adopted 
with  a  seal  containing  the  famous  quotation  from  Horace :  "I 
have  built  a  monument  more  lasting  than  bronze,"  showing 
that  the  scholarly  gentlemen  that  organized  the  Society  believed 
that  the  institution  which  they  founded  would  prove  a  monu- 
men  of  lasting  fame.  On  May  1st,  1782,  a  Constitution  was 
adopted  defining  the  social  and  charitable  purposes  of  the 
Society.  This  Constitution  is  the  oldest  written  Constitution 
of  a  Tammany  Society  in  existence  and  bears  the  signature 
of  John  Pintard,  who  later  played  so  prominent  a  part  in  the 
organization  and  early  development  of  the  New  York  Tammany 
Society. 

When  opposition  to  British  oppression  began  to  manifest 
itself — upon  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  in  1765,  and  be- 
tween that  date  and  the  convening  of  the  first  Continental 
Congress,  in  1774 — the  Tammany  Societies  in  the  middle 
Atlantic  colonies  became  leaders  of  revolutionary  sentiment. 
They  thus  gradually  changed  from  purely  social  to  fraternal 
and  patriotic  bodies,  for  at  this  time  Philadelphia,  the  birth- 
place of  the  Tammany  Societies,  was  a  hotbed  of  American 
patriotism  and  of  the  political  unrest  that  lead  to  American 
Independence. 

When  the  success  of  the  American  cause  seemed  assured 
the  activities  of  the  Tammany  Societies  were  increased.  Dur- 
ing the  years  1780,  1781  and  1782,  the  public  mind  was  filled 
with  the  economic  depression  and  interest  in  such  organiza- 
tions as  the  Tammany  Society  waned. 

The  momentous  political  controversy  over  the  adoption  of 
the  Federal  Constitution  overshadowed  in  interest  and  impor- 
tance the  activities  of  unofficial  organizations  and  agencies 
everywhere  and  even  the  Sons  of  Tammany  in  Philadelphia 
went  into  eclipse.  When  the  seat  of  the  National  Government 
was  transferred  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  the  light  of 
the  movement  of  the  Tammany  Societies  was  relighted  bv  the 
organization  of  the  Society  of  Tammany  or  Columbian  Order 
in  New  York. 


20 


The  "Wigwam,"  Broad  Street,  1789-1790 


Tammany  Society  in  ]\[ew  Tor\\ 


THE  second  phase  of  the  movement  of  the  Tammany  So- 
cieties in  the  United  States  begins  with  the  establishment 
of  the  New  York  Tammany  Society.  Although  the  exact  time 
of  its  foundation  is  disputed,  an  examination  of  the  contem- 
porary newspapers  clearly  indicates  the  existence  of  the  So- 
ciety in  1786.  The  Tammany  Society  in  Philadelphia  at  that 
period  was  in  the  zenith  of  its  prosperity,  and  the  spirit  of 
its  celebrations  was  contagious. 

At  the  dinner  of  the  Marine  Society,  held  at  the  Coffee 
House  in  New  York,  on  January  25,  1786,  the  toast  was 
offered  "St.  Tammany  and  the  New  Constellatoin."  The 
other  toasts  proposed  at  this  banquet  bear  a  striking  resem- 
blance to  those  drunk  at  the  St.  Tammany  Day  banquets  in 
Philadelphia  and  elsewhere.  This  was  probably  due  to  the 
influence  of  John  Pintard,  who  four  years  before  had  been 
prominently  associated  with  the  Society  of  the  Sons  of  St. 
Tammany  in  New  Jersey.  Soon  after  the  British  evacuation 
however,  he  came  to  New  York,  and  in  1784  became  a  member 
of  the  Marine  Society. 

The  Society  of  Tammany  has  preserved  the  cornerstone  of 
the  first  Tammany  Hall,  erected  in  1811  at  Park  Row  and 
Frankfort  Street,  where  the  reconstructed  Sun  building  now 
stands.    The  stone  bears  this  inscription : 

Tammany  Society  or  Columbian  Order. 
Founded  by  William  Mooney  in  1786.    Organized  under  a 
Constitution  and  Laws  in  1789.  ■ 
W'm.  Mooney  1st  Grand  Sachem.    New  York  May  12th,  1789. 

The  inscription  may  be  accepted  as  evidence  of  the  date  of  the 
founding.  Corroboration  of  this  fact  is  found  in  the  press 
notices  relating  to  the  Societies'  early  celebration  and  from 
contemporary  reports  of  the  activities  immediately  following 
1786. 

In  a  statement  dated  November  10.  1817,  which  is  prefixed 
to  the  constitution  adopted  by  the  Society  in  that  year,  and 
signed  by  "A  Brother  of  1776  and  one  of  the  surviving 
Founders."  1786  is  given  as  the  date  of  its  founding.  In  that 
year,  the  statement  reads,  "a  few  genuine  Whigs — a  very  few 
— assembled  together"  and  formed  a  National  Society. 

If  the  Society  held  a  celebration  in  1786  no  account  of  it 
is  found  in  the  newspapers  of  that  year.    It  gathered  suffi- 


22 


cient  strength,  however,  to  attract  attention  to  its  meeting  in 
Maw  1787.  The  following  notice  appeared  in  New  York 
Daily  Advertiser,  April  30,  1787: 

The  members  of  St.  Tammany's  Society  in  the  City  of  New  York 
are  requested  to  meet  at  their  wigwam,  held  at  Mr.  Talmage  Hall's, 
No.  49  Cortlandt  Street,  on  Tuesday,  the  first  day  of  May  next,  at 
Sunset,  to  celebrate  the  annual  meeting.    By  order  of  the  Sachem. 

Putticatwamina,  Sec'ry. 

The  celebration  appears  to  have  been  a  great  success,  for  it 
was  elaborately  described  in  the  journals  of  the  day. 

On  May  12,  1789,  the  Tammany  Society  held  a  gala  cele- 
bration on  the  Banks  of  the  Hudson  about  two  miles  from 
the  city.  "Strangers  who  are  now  in  this  city,  and  who  are 
members  of  this  Society  in  any  other  state"  were  invited  tc 
join  in  the  celebration.  Patriotic  speeches  were  delivered  and 
according  to  the  newspaper  accounts : 

After  singing  numbers  of  Songs  adapted  to  the  occasion,  and 
smoking  the  Calumet  of  Peace,  each  member  retired  to  his  own 
Wigwam  and  Hunting  Ground,  in  hopes  of  meeting  on  the  next 
anniversary,  in  the  same  brotherly  and  affectionate  manner,  to 
commemorate  the  glorious  deeds  and  achievements  of  their  renowned 
Patron. 

The  ceremonial  of  the  festival  was  borrowed  from  the  Phila- 
delphia Society  of  the  Sons  of  St.  Tammany,  and  is  tersely 
described  in  the  following  excerpt  from  an  early  New  York 
newspaper : 

The  Society  was  divided  into  as  many  Tribes  as  there  were 
States,  each  tribe  distinguished  by  the  name  of  a  State.  The  mem- 
bers were  divided  or  classed  into  sachems,  warriors,  hunters,  etc. 
In  their  processions  they  always  walked  in  Indian  or  single  file, 
and  many  of  them  completely  dressed  like  Indians,  with  their  faces 
painted  or  smeared,  and  they  were  decorated  with  bows,  arrows, 
tomahawks,  and  long  calumets  or  smoking  pipes,  &c,  for  a  covering 
a  cap  nicely  fitted  on  the  head,  so  as  to  make  it  a  proper  depilous 
Indian  skull.  Those  of  them  who  appeared  in  a  hat,  jacket  and 
breeches,  and  left  their  faces  white,  wore  buck's  tail  in  their  hats. 

Thenceforth,  regular  meetings  were  held  at  intervals  vary- 
ing from  one  week  to  one  month,  at  which  the  policies  and 
purposes  of  the  Order  became  crystallized  and  its  ritual 
elaborated.  In  1789,  it  adopted  its  first  written  constitution 
With  the  election  of  officers,  the  Society  was  thoroughlv  and 
permanently  organized,  and  has  since  continued  its  notable  and 
dignified  career,  adjusting  its  customs  and  ceremonies  to  con- 
form to  the  changes,  taste,  and  fashion  of  each  decade,  but 
clinging  tenaciously  to  the  ancient  traditions  that  inspired  its 
foundation. 


23 


Tammany  Society's  Object. 

The  name  most  prominently  associated  with  the  Tammany 
Society  in  its  early  years  is  that  of  William  Mooney,  a  mer- 
chant with  a  place  of  business  in  Nassau  Street.  He  first 
attracted  public  attention  through  the  conspicuous  part  he 
played  in  the  great  Constitutional  Parade  in  New  York  City 
on  July  23,  1788.  The  various  trades  furnished  floats  for 
the  occasion  and  Mooney,  representing  the  upholsterers,  was 
shown  on  a  float  in  the  act  of  preparing  the  Presidential  chair. 

William  Mooney's  name  appears  as  the  Grand  Sachem  of 
the  Tammany  Society  in  1789;  after  this  date  he  occupied 
positions  of  prominence  in  the  Society  continuously  for  up- 
wards of  thirty  years,  as  Grand  Sachem,  Sachem,  or  chair- 
man of  important  committees. 

A  guiding  influence  in  the  establishment  of  the  Society  of 
Tammany  or  Columbian  Order  in  New  York  is  readily 
traceable  to  John  Pintard,  merchant,  philanthropist  and  scholar 
who  came  to  New  York  from  New  Jersey  soon  after  the 
Treaty  of  Peace  in  1783.  In  1788  and  1789  he  was  an  assistant 
alderman,  and  in  1790  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature. 
The  scope  of  his  activity  was  so  broad  that  he  became  a 
participant  in  every  movement  of  importance  in  New  York, 
at  this  period  still  the  State  capital.  It  is  said  that  he  drafted 
the  by-laws  for  every  society  of  importance  in  New  York 
City  in  his  day,  and  the  first  Constitution  of  the  Tammany 
Society  bears  every  evidence  of  his  style. 

The  objects  of  the  Society  are  briefly  stated  in  the  second 
paragraph  of  the  Public  Constitution  as  follows : 

Tt  shall  connect  in  the  indissoluble  Bonds  of  patriotic  Friendship, 
American  Brethren,  of  known  attachment  to  the  political  Rights 
of  human  Nature,  and  the  Liberties  of  this  country. 

In  a  letter  dated  October  11,  1790,  addressed  to  the  eminent 
scholar,  Dr.  Jeremy  Belknap,  of  Boston,  Pintard  refers  to  the 
American  Museum  as  having  been  "instituted  by  the  St.  Tam- 
many's Society  in  this  city  for  the  express  purpose  of  collect- 
ing and  preserving  everything  relating  to  the  natural  or  political 
history  of  America.  I  have  not  time  to  explain  the  principles 
of  this  Society,  of  which  I  am  a  member,  further  than  that 
it  is  a  political  institution  founded  on  a  strong  republican  basis, 
whose  democratic  principles  will  serve  in  some  measure  to 
correct  the  aristocracy  of  our  city." 

Although  he  filled  the  subordinate  office  of  Sagamore  or 
Master  of  Ceremonies,  Pintard's  activity  in  the  management 
and  direction  of  the  affairs  of  the  Society  was  so  great  that 


24 


Certificate  of  Membership  in  the  Tammany  Society,  1812 


he  was  in  a  great  measure  responsible  for  the  early  recognition 
it  received  and  the  dignity  accorded  it  at  the  hands  of  contem- 
poraries. Under  his  influence  it  expanded  its  functions  and 
acquired  character  and  solidarity. 

The  Society,  in  an  address  issued  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States  on  February  2,  1795,  described  its  basic  principles  as 
follows : 

This  Society  *  *  *  is  founded  on  the  broad  basis  of  natural 
rights  and  is  solely  designed  to  connect  American  brethren  in  the 
indissoluble  bonds  of  Patriotic  Friendship. 

The  Society,  again,  in  an  address  published  in  1819,  described 
its  principles  in  these  sentences : 

The  Society  of  Tammany  or  Columbian  Order  is  founded  upon 
the  dignified  principles  of  Public  Liberty.  It  is  the  task  of  this 
Society  to  adhere  with  the  faith  of  the  magnet  to  the  principles  of 
the  revolution. 

At  the  42d  anniversary  celebration  of  the  Society,  held  on 
May  12,  1831,  Sachem  Grant  outlined  its  principles  in  the  fol- 
lowing toast : 

Tammany  Society  or  Columbian  Order, — a  great  National  In- 
stitution, founded  on  the  principles  of  civil  and  religious  liberty — 
the  glory  of  man. 

Tammany  always  had  a  charitable  side  and  a  fund  was  raised 
by  collection  at  the  annual  festivities  for  the  relief  of  delinquent 
debtors.  This  brought  public  favor  to  the  Society,  for  the  Poor 
Debtors'  Laws  were  stringent  and  worked  untold  hardship.  As 
the  Debtors'  Relief  Laws  were  forced  on  the  statute  books,  the 
Society  turned  its  charitable  attentions  in  other  directions.  This 
phase  of  the  Society  became  a  distinguishing  feature,  which 
still  endures. 

Pintard's  declaration  that  the  Tammany  Society's  "demo- 
cratic principles  will  serve  in  a  measure  to  correct  the  aristocracy 
of  our  city,"  gave  rise  to  the  contention  that  it  was  organized 
to  oppose  the  venerable  and  venerated  Society  of  the  Cincin- 
nati. Many  writers  attributed  to  it  this  purpose,  although  an 
understanding  of  the  circumstances  surrounding  the  establish- 
ment and  early  growth  of  the  Society  does  not  warrant  such 
an  inference.  By  "aristocracy,"  Pintard  undoubtedly  meant  the 
Tory  reactionaries,  who  by  reason  of  wealth  and  social  position 
developed  strength  after  the  disabilities  imposed  upon  them 
during  the  war  had  been  removed.  The  line  of  cleavage  was 
between  the  patriots  and  the  loyalists,  not  between  any  class  or 
classes  of  men  who,  like  the  Sons  of  Saint  Tammany  and  the 
members  of  the  Cincinnati,  had  struggled  side  by  side  for 
American  freedom. 


26 


Members  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  were  also  prominent 
members  of  the  Tammany  Society;  invitations  to  dine  were 
cordially  exchanged,  and  a  committee  delegated  by  the  Tam- 
many Society  at  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  "to  con- 
gratulate the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  on  the  happy  return  of 
the  day,"  reported  "that  they  had  waited  on  the  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati  and  were  received  by  the  President  and  members 
with  every  mark  of  friendly  regard  and  attachment." 

Tammany  and  Columbus. 

The  Tammany  Society  as  reorganized  in  1789  has  two  patrons 
— Saint  Tammany  and  Columbus.  Its  original  constitution 
provided  that  on  the  first  Monday  of  October  in  each  year  a 
brother  should  deliver  before  the  Society  a  "Long  Talk"  in 
honor  of  Columbus;  and  as  early  as  April  6,  1791,  Pintard 
announced  the  intention  of  appropriately  celebrating  the  tercen- 
tenary of  the  discovery  of  America  on  October  12,  1792. 

At  Tammany's  reception  to  the  Creek  Indians  in  New  York 
on  August  2,  1790,  Dr.  William  P.  Smith,  Grand  Sachem  of 
the  Society,  explained  the  dual  system  of  patrons  as  follows : 

Although  the  hand  of  death  is  cold  upon  their  bodies,  yet  the 
spirits  of  two  great  Chiefs  are  supposed  to  walk  backwards  and 
forwards  in  this  great  Wigwam,  and  to  direct  us  in  all  our  pro- 
ceedings— Tammany  and  Columbus.  Tradition  has  brought  to  us 
the  memory'  of  the  first.  He  was  a  great  and  good  Indian  Chief, 
a  strong  warrior,  a  swift  hunter,  but  what  is  greater'  than  all,  he 
loved  his  country,    We  call  ourselves  his  sons. 

In  all  pageantry  and  ceremonial  of  the  Society  the  two  were 
linked  in  equal  importance,  and,  as  late  as  1812,  no  Tammany 
procession  was  complete  without  a  float  as  its  central  feature, 
presenting  in  allegorical  significance  the  two  great  patrons  of 
the  Society — Columbus  bearing  the  emblem  of  civilization ; 
Tammany  bearing  the  constellation  of  the  thirteen  American 
stars.  The  two  alternately  smoked  the  Calumet  of  peace.  The 
figures  were  shown  seated  on  an  elevated  car,  over  which  pre- 
sided the  Genius  of  America  bearing  the  great  standard  of  the 
United  States.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  procession,  the  car 
of  Tammany  and  Columbus  moved  up  to  the  head  of  the  line 
and  the  two  patrons  were  presented  to  the  Genius  of  America, 
who  descended  from  the  pedestal  to  receive  them. 

In  its  early  history  Tammany  was  designated  in  various 
ways.  The  first  record  of  the  adoption  of  an  ofTicial  title  by 
the  Society  itself  is  found  in  the  following  paragraph  of  the 
public  constitution,  printed  some  time  during  the  year  1789: 

This  societv  shall  be  called  and  known  by  the  name  of  SAINT 
TAMMANY'S  SOCIETY  OR  COLUMBIAN  ORDER. 


27 


A  radical  change  in  the  title  appears  in  the  year  1791,  when 
the  name  TAMMANY  SOCIETY  OR  COLUMBIAN 
ORDER  was  adopted,  the  word  "Saint"  being  dropped  from 
the  appellation.  By  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  passed  April  8,  1805,  the  Society  was  incorporated 
and  its  title  legally  and  permanently  established  as  THE 
SOCIETY  OF  TAMMANY  OR  COLUMBIAN  ORDER  IN 
THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  Tammany  Wigwams. 

The  Wigwam  or  meeting  hall  of  the  Society  at  the  time  of 
its  early  activities  was  variously  located.  In  1787  the  House 
of  Talmadge  Hall,  No.  49  Cortlandt  Street  was  called  the 
W  igwam  in  the  public  notices.  In  1789  and  early  in  1790 
the  Wigwam  was  located  at  Barden's  Tavern  in  Broadway. 
In  July,  1790,  the  Wigwam  was  at  the  City  Tavern  in  Broad 
Street,  but  this  like  its  predecessors  was  merely  a  temporary 
abiding  place  of  the  Society  which  now  began  to  feel  the  need 
of  a  permanent  home. 

On  September  10,  1790,  the  Common  Council  of  the  City 
assigned  to  the  Society  a  room  in  the  Exchange.  Thus  the 
Exchange  became  the  Great  Wigwam  or  Tammanial  Hall,  and 
continued  to  be  the  home  of  the  Society  until  1798  when  the 
scene  of  its  activities  shifted  to  "Martling's"  at  the  corner  of 
Nassau  and  Spruce  Streets ;  the  "Long  Room"  at  the  Mart- 
ling's  became  the  assembly  hall  of  the  Society. 

In  order  that  the  Society  might  have  a  home  of  its  own, 
the  New  York  Tammanial  Tontine  Association  was  organized 
in  179,2.  The  Tontine  was  a  common  device  of  the  day  for 
raising  funds  for  popular  enterprises  and  in  a  measure  per- 
formed the  functions  of  the  modern  building  loan  association. 
The  purpose  of  this  association  was  to  erect  "a  great  wigwam 
or  Tammany  Hall  for  the  convenience  of  the  meetings,"  but 
it  was  not  until  May  13,  1811,  that  the  cornerstone  of  the 
first  Tammany  Hall  was  laid.  The  building  was  located  at 
the  corner  of  Nassau  and  Frankfort  Streets  and  was  erected 
for  the  purpose  of  "preserving  and  strengthening  that  patriotic 
chain  which  unites  its  members  and  for  accommodating  their 
Republican  Brothers." 

Funds  for  the  enterprise  were  raised  by  issuing  stock  upon 
which  dividends  were  to  be  paid  from  the  income  of  the  build- 
ing. A  large  room  was  reserved  for  the  use  of  the  society 
on  certain  evenings  and  the  remaining  space  was  rented  as  a 
hotel.  The  Society  reserved  in  the  lease  the  use  of  the  large 
room  for  every  Monday  evening  and  also  for  May  12th,  July 


28 


4th,  November  25th,  and  the  days  on  which  the  General  Com- 
mittee and  nominating  conventions  should  meet.  The  Society 
further  stipulated  that  the  tenant  must  "be  attached  to  our 
republican  principles."  Soon  after  its  occupancy  of  the  new 
building  the  Society  encouraged  the  use  of  the  Hall  for  public 
entertainments,  receptions  and  amusements,  and  in  January 
of  each  year  the  Society  itself  conducted  an  annual  ball. 

On  July  4,  1867,  the  Society  laid  the  cornerstone  of  the 
present  Tammany  Hall  in  East  Fourteenth  Street,  near  Third 
Avenue,  with  elaborate  public  ceremonies. 

The  Hall  was  publicly  dedicated  on  July  4,  1868,  by  the 
opening  of  the  National  Democratic  Convention  within  its 
walls.  The  Convention  selected  Horatio  Seymour,  twice 
Governor  of  New  York,  as  Presidential  Nominee. 

Tammany's  Officers  and  Symbols. 

The  Tammany  Society  elects  its  officers  annually  on  the 
Third  Monday  in  April.  These  officers  are  thirteen  sachems, 
who  act  as  a  Board  of  Directors,  a  Secretary,  a  Treasurer,  a 
Sagamore,  and  Wiskinski.  The  Sachems  organize  the  Grand 
Council  of  Sachems  by  electing  a  presiding  officer  called  the 
Grand  Sachem,  who  presides  at  all  functions  of  the  Society, 
as  well  as  of  the  Council.  The  Sachems  also  elect  a  Father 
of  the  Council,  and  a  Scribe  to  the  Council,  who  records  its 
proceedings. 

The  Sagamore  is  the  master  of  ceremonies  at  all  functions 
of  the  Society.  He  has  charge  of  the  badges  and  other  gorgets 
of  the  Society,  and  is  its  Marshal  at  its  public  processions. 
The  Wiskinski  (the  eyes  of  the  Society)  is  the  doorkeeper  or 
outer  guard.  He  is  also  the  Custodian  of  the  ornaments, 
banners,  and  standards  of  the  Society. 

The  Society  in  the  last  century  was  divided  into  thirteen 
tribes,  and  each  member  upon  his  admission  was  assigned  to  a 
tribe.  Under  the  Constitution  adopted  November  10,  1817, 
the  tribes  were  allotted  as  follows : 


State  Tribe  State  Tribe 

1.  New  Hampshire  Otter  8.  Delaware  Tiger 

2.  Massachusetts  Panther  9.  Maryland  Fox 

3.  Rhode  Island  Beaver  10.  Virginia  Deer 

4.  Connecticut  Bear  11.  North  Carolina  Buffalo 

5.  New  York  Eagle  12.  South  Carolina  Raccoon 

6.  New  Jersey  Tortoise  k3.  Georgia  Wolf 

7.  Pennsylvania  Rattlesnake 


Each  tribe  had  a  separate  organization,  over  which  a  Sachem, 
designated  by  the  Grand  Sachem,  presided.    It  also  selected 


30 


by  ballot  three  officers,  viz.,  a  Standard  Bearer  or  Warrior, 
called  an  Okemaw ;  a  tribe  hunter  called  a  Mackawalaw ;  and 
a  Scribe  or  tribe  clerk,  called  an  Alank,  who  kept  the  roll 
containing  the  tribal  proceedings.  Each  of  the  tribes  was 
named  after  one  of  the  original  thirteen  states,  and  as  in- 
dicated, was  dedicated  to  some  animal,  a  common  and  wide- 
spread custom  among  the  North  American  Indians.  In  the 
public  processions  the  tribes  marched  in  a  body  bearing  the 
arms  of  their  respective  states.  The  custom,  however,  of 
dividing  the  Society  into  tribes  has  now  fallen  into  disuse. 

Time  is  reckoned  by  the  Tammany  Society  from  three 
events,  and  all  communications  were  dated  in  three  ways,  i.  e., 
from  the  year  of  the  discovery  of  America,  October  12,  1492; 
of  Independence,  July  4,  1776,  and  of  the  Institution,  May 
12,  1779.    The  year  was  divided  into  four  seasons: 

Season  of  snows :  December,  January  and  February. 

Season  of  blossoms:  March,  April  and  Maw 

Season  of  fruits:  June,  July  and  August. 

Season  of  hunting:  September,  October  and  November. 

The  months  were  designated  as  Moons,  and  each  had  an 
appropriate  name,  thus : 

January — Month  of  Colds.      July — Month  of  Horns. 
February — Month  of  Snows.    August — Month  of  Fishes. 
March — Month  of  Worms.       September — Month  of  Corn. 
April — Month  of  Plants.  October — Month  of  Traveling. 

May — Month  of  Flowers.  November — Month  of  Heavers. 
June — Month  of  Hearts.         December — Month  of  Games. 

The  Calendar  year  begins  with  October,  month  of  Traveling, 
the  first  moon. 

The  bucktail,  regarded  as  a  talisman  of  liberty  by  the  earlier 
Tammany  Societies,  was  adopted  by  the  New  York  Society 
as  its  emblem;  and  the  regulations  provide  that  it  shall  be  a 
part  of  the  insignia  worn  on  all  public  occasions.  It  seems  to 
have  borne  a  superstitious  character  as  a  token  of  good  luck, 
and  was  long  considered  the  appropriate  badge  of  a  hunter. 
With  this  significance  in  mind,  the  original  votaries  of  Tam- 
many in  Philadelphia,  members  of  the  Schuylkill  hunting  and 
fishing  clubs,  employed  it  in  their  ceremonies.  The  importance 
accorded  to  this  symbolism  in  the  Society  is  illustrated  by  its 
recognition  among  the  toasts  offered  at  the  banquets.  The 
following  toast  to  the  bucktail  was  drunk  at  the  celebration 
of  May  12,  1819: 

The  American   Bucktail  of  Tammany ;   an  emblem  of  liberty 

honored  by  our  ancestors— May  it  sweep  from  our  soil  the  last 

vestige  of  unchastened  ambition. 


31 


So  prominent  was  the  display  of  the  bncktail  in  all  Tam- 
many pageants  that  its  wearers  were  at  one  time  popularly 
known  as  "Bucktails." 

The  Cap  of  Liberty  is  the  paramount  symbol  of  the  Society. 
It  has  its  origin  in  antiquity  and  was  a  token  of  freedom  among 
the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans  and  the  placing  of  it  on  the 
head  of  a  slave  was  part  of  the  services  attending  his  manumis- 
sion. During  the  early  days  of  the  French  Republic  it  was 
the  symbol  of  the  supporters  of  popular  rights,  and  when 
sentiment  for  the  principles  of  the  Revolution  swept  the  United 
States,  the  French  Cockade,  the  Cap  of  Liberty  and  the  Tri- 
color of  France,  became  extremely  popular  in  New  York  City. 

The  Grand  Standard  of  the  Society  is  the  arms  of  the  United 
States  properly  emblazoned.  The  Society  originally  adopted 
as  its  motto,  the  phrase  :  "Civil  Liberty,  the  Glory  of  Man." 
In  recent  years,  however,  this  has  given  way  to  the  inscrip- 
tion on  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Society: — "Freedom  our  Rock." 
The  latter  phrase  by  custom  is  now  generally  accepted  as 
the  motto  of  the  Society. 

Each  officer  of  the  Society  has  a  specially  designed  badge, 
suspended  by  a  ribbon  worn  over  his  shoulders,  bearing  a 
patriotic  motto. 

The  meetings  are  called  Council-Fires,  and  the  tomahawk 
and  calumet,  or  pipe  of  Peace,  are  given  a  place  in  the  councils. 

The  Society  in  its  early  career  had  a  well  defined  order  of 
procession  at  its  public  celebrations.  The  procession  was 
always  headed  by  the  Cap  of  Liberty  as  the  Grand  Standard 
of  the  Society,  and  the  Father  of  the  Council  carrying  the 
Calumet  or  pipe  of  Peace,  and  the  Sagamore  carrying  the 
tomahawk. 

In  1813  the  practice  of  appearing  in  Indian  costume  at  public 
functions  was  abandoned,  and  in  the  celebration  of  July  4th 
of  that  year  the  Society  paraded  in  civil  attire,  its  membership 
distinguished  by  an  appropriate  badge.  The  abandonment  of 
the  Indian  regalia  was  induced  by  an  intense  feeling  both  in 
the  Society  and  by  the  public  against  Indians  because  of  the 
atrocities  perpetrated  in  the  border  conflict  incident  to  the 
War  of  1812. 

Branches  of  the  New  York  Society. 

Dispensations  or  Charters  were  granted  by  the  New  York 
Society  for  the  formation  of  subsidiary  or  branch  organizations 
in  other  cities  and  states.  The  first  dispensation  was  given  in 
1790,  shortly  after  the  New  York  Society  was  reorganized, 
to  open  a  Wigwam  in  Philadelphia,  "with  the  power  and 


32 


^  ^    .      ~      1  /      'do)      •  ^ 


f'f  timet.-  ^ul^pj-u*  *ViU^P»M*  tj<~  £^ 

~&  6*.  /*t4/cs/i<£   tt'tt/,    a//  //t  Sp^n/ f}+t~*r*4 


Authorization,  dated  Feb.  4,  1810,  from  Dr.  Michael  Leib,  Grand 
Sachem  of  the  Philadelphia  Tammany  Society  to  organize  a 
branch  society  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 


privileges  of  initiating  sons  of  freedom  into  this  Illustrious 
Order  and  to  grant  dispensation  for  the  chain  of  patriotic 
amity"  through  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

Applications  for  these  dispensations  increased  so  rapidly 
that  the  New  York  Society  soon  became  the  fountain-head 
of  a  movement  that  extended  south  as  far  as  Georgia,  north 
as  far  as  Massachusetts,  and  west  as  far  as  Missouri.  Flour- 
ishing branches,  or  sister  societies  were  found  in  conspicuous 
numbers  as  late  as  1816,  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Rhode 
Island,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  District  of 
Columbia,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Missouri. 

The  movement  particularly  flourished  in  Rhode  Island  where 
it  was  introduced  in  October,  1809.  The  movement  grew 
so  steadily  in  power  and  influence  that  the  Societies  were 
powerful  enough  to  hold  their  weekly  meetings  in  the  State 
House  or  Capital  at  Providence  and  at  Newport  and  referred 
to  these  buildings  as  their  "Wigwam."  For  this  they  drew 
the  contempt  and  wrath  of  the  opposition  press.  In  a  vain 
effort  to  thwart  the  success  of  the  movement,  the  Federalists 
in  July,  1810,  organized  the  Washington  Benevolent  Society. 

The  Societies  were  most  effective  in  planting  the  seed  of  the 
Jeffersonian  theory  of  government.  Their  curious  and  elab- 
orate terminology  and  their  brilliant,  well-regulated  pageants, 
processions  and  public  festivals  appealed  to  the  populace  and 
helped  to  swell  the  ranks  of  the  Democratic  Party.  However, 
with  the  decline  of  the  Federal  Party  the  Societies  having 
achieved  their  purpose  gradually  passed  out  of  existence. 

The  State  of  Ohio  was  dotted  with  Tammany  societies  after 
the  installation  of  the  first  one  at  Chillicothe  in  February,  1810. 

The  Societies  soon  became  a  leading  force  in  the  State. 
Here,  as  well  as  in  other  States,  the  movement  aroused  the 
ire  and  the  open  hostility  of  the  Federalists. 

The  Tammany  Society  of  Ohio  it  appears,  was  the  first 
"Temperance"  Party  in  Ohio,  without  making  temperance  the 
sole  object  of  its  existence.  With  the  election  of  James 
Monroe  to  the  Presidency  in  1816,  the  Societies  became  in- 
active and  slowly  dissolved  in  Ohio. 

The  Tammany  Societies  in  the  United  States  exercised  a 
powerful  influence  in  shaping  the  destinies  and  in  crystallizing 
the  principles  of  our  government,  and  have  contributed  much 
to  the  development  of  our  present  system  of  party  govern- 
ment. The  importance  of  this  influence  has  been  inadequately 
recognized  by  students  of  American  history.  The  Societies 
bore  the  standards  of  equal  rights  and  popular  rule  and  were 


34 


the  rallying  points  of  Republican  activity  until  the  complete 
annihilation  of  the  Federalist  Party. 

Under  the  favoring  leadership  of  Thomas  Jefferson  and 
James  Madison  the  movement  flourished,  and  in  its  organized 
activities  foreshadowed  the  establishment  of  national  political 
parties.  With  the  passing  of  the  Federalists  the  issues  which 
had  stimulated  the  movement  disappeared,  one  by  one  the 
societies  succumbed  to  the  lethargy  resulting  from  the  ces- 
sation of  violent  partisan  controversy. 


35 


Tammany  s  Unique  History 


Present  Officers 
of  the 

SOCIETY  OF  TAMMANY  OR  COLUMBIAN  ORDER 
In  the  City  of  New  York 
1924-1925 

Grand  Sachem  John  R.  Voorhis 

Secretary  Willis  Holley 

Treasurer  William  Sohmer 

Father  of  the  Council  George  W.  Plunkitt 

Sagamore  Eugene  J.  Reilly 

Scrihe  of  the  Council  Charles  J.  Ackerson 

Wiskinski  Frank  J.  Scannell 

Sachems 

Thomas  C.  T.  Crain  Louis  F.  Haffen 

John  F.  Curry  *Charles  F.  Murphy 

Thomas  Darlington  Thomas  F.  McAvoy 

Thomas  F.  Foley  George  W.  Plunkitt 

Francis  D.  Gallatin  Daniel  L.  Ryan 

Frank  J.  Goodwin  Alfred  E.  Smith 

Henrv  W.  Unger 

*Died  April  25,  1924. 

First  Officers 
of  the 

SAINT  TAMMANY'S  SOCIETY  or  COLUMBIAN 

ORDER 
1789 

Grand  Sachem   William  Mooney 

c       .    .  (Anthony  Ernest 

Secretaries   VT  .     t  , 

/John  Loudon 

Treasurer   Thomas  Ash 

Father  of  the  Council  John  Campbell 

Scrihe  of  the  Council  William  Pitt  Smith 

Door-Keeper  (Wiskinski)   >. Gardiner  Baker 

Sachems 

John  Burger  Abel  Hardenbrook 

John  Campbell  Philip  Hone 

Gabriel  Furman  White  Matlack 

Joseph  Jadwin  William  Mooney 

Aliver  Glean  Jonathan  Pearsee,  Jun. 

Thomas  Greenleaf  James  Tylee 

Coertlandt  Van  Beuren 

36 


THE  Tammany  Society  of  New  York  occupies  an  unique 
place  in  the  history  of  American  politics.  Its  develop- 
ment includes  its  activities  as  a  patriotic  and  fraternal  institu- 
tion with  relationship  to  an  organized  force  in  party  politics 
of  such  virility  and  public  confidence  that  for  a  century  and 
a  quarter  it  has  dominated  the  public  life  of  the  American 
Metropolis.  Tammany  was  never  higher  in  public  esteem  than 
it  is  to-day. 

After  its  reorganization  in  1789,  the  Society  rapidly  gained 
a  place  of  prominence  in  the  social  and  patriotic  activities  of 
the  city.  Its  growth  was  favored  by  the  broadening  metro- 
politan life  of  what  was  then  the  nation's  capital.  Its  princi- 
ples early  attracted  the  attention  and  received  the  recognition 
of  men  prominent  in  municipal,  state  and  national  affairs. 
Substantial  and  distinguished  citizens  were  attracted  to  its 
membership  and  so  noted  were  its  public  ceremonies  and 
pageants  that  the  whole  city  was  accustomed  to  view  them  with 
genuine  pride. 

In  1790,  the  population  of  Xew  York,  including  the  City  of 
New  York  and  the  several  towns  and  villages  located  on  the 
Island  of  Manhattan,  was  not  more  than  33,000.  Greenwich 
Village,  located  in  the  neighborhood  of  Christopher  Street, 
was  a  remote  suburb.  The  surrounding  counties  of  Kings, 
Queens,  Westchester,  and  Richmond,  now  a  part  of  the  city, 
were  sparsely  settled.  With  the  city's  growth,  the  Tammany 
Society  kept  pace,  enlarging  its  membership  and  extending  its 
influence. 

Early  in  its  career  the  Society  won  prestige  by  the  perform- 
ance of  signal  public  service  in  conciliating  the  representatives 
of  the  Indian  Tribes  who  came  to  New  York  to  treat  with  the 
National  Government.  During  the  Revolution,  the  sympathies 
of  many  of  the  tribes  were  found  on  the  side  of  the  British 
and  a  vexatious  problem  of  the  new  government  was  the 
pacification  of  the  Indians  and  the  reclamation  of  their  support, 
loyalty  and  allegiance. 

On  February  15,  1790,  the  Society  tendered  a  reception  to 
the  Warriors  and  Sachems  of  the  Oneida  Nation,  who  at  that 
time  were  visiting  New  York  to  confer  with  Governor  Clinton 
and  President  Washington.  The  evening  was  spent  in  cordial 
sociability;  punch  and  wine  were  served,  and  complimentary 
toasts  exchanged.  Columbian  songs  were  rendered  and 
speeches  delivered,  renewing  vows  of  friendship  between  the 
Society  and  the  Tribe. 

In  the  same  year  the  Chiefs  of  the  Cayuga  Indians,  who 
were  in  New  York  on  official  business,  joined  with  the  Society 


38 


in  its  anniversary  celebration  of  May  12th.  The  Cayugas  were 
tenth  in  the  order  of  the  procession  and  "the  festival  was 
concluded  by  an  Indian  dance  led  by  the  Cayuga  Indians,  in 
which  the  officers  of  the  Society  joined." 

By  its  entertainment  of  the  Creek  Indians  in  the  same  year 
the  Society  mounted  at  once  to  national  prominence  and  secured 
the  recognition  and  esteem  of  President  Washington  and  of 
Congress.  The  Chiefs  of  the  Creek  Nation,  upwards  of  thirty 
in  number,  came  to  New  York  for  the  purpose  of  concluding 
a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  United  States.  During  the  Revolu- 
tionary  War  the  Creeks  joined  with  the  British  against  the 
colonists  and  after  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed,  the  Creeks 
continued  to  harrass  the  people  of  Georgia  by  conducting  a 
savage  border  warfare  over  boundary  disputes.  The  National 
Government  invited  the  Creeks  to  a  conference  in  New  York, 
and  dispatched  a  special  envoy  to  greet  and  escort  them  to  the 
Capital.  The  Government  invited  the  Tammany  Society  to 
participate  in  the  welcome  to  the  Indians  upon  their  arrival 
and  to  entertain  them  while  in  the  city.  The  Creeks  arrived 
July  21,  1790,  and  "were  received  by  the  St.  Tammany  Society, 
who  attended  on  the  occasion,  attired  in  the  most  splendid 
dresses  and  other  emblems  of  that  respectable  Society."  Tam- 
many braves  escorted  the  Creeks  in  procession  to  President 
Washington's  Executive  Chambers.  That  evening  the  visiting 
chiefs  were  entertained  at  dinner  in  the  Wigwam  of  the  Society 
at  the  City  Tavern.  There  were  present,  beside  the  Creeks, 
General  Knox,  Secretary  of  War.  the  Senators  and  Congress- 
men from  Georgia  and  officers  of  the  Army.  On  August  2nd. 
1790,  a  conference  was  held  between  the  Tammany  Society  and 
the  Creeks,  attended  by  Thomas  Jefferson,  Secretary  of  State; 
General  Knox,  Secretary  of  War;  John  Jay,  Chief  Justice  of 
the  United  States;  George  Clinton,  Governor  of  New  York, 
and  James  Duane,  Mayor  of  the  City.  True  to  Indian  custom, 
the  Calumet  of  Peace  and  Friendship  was  smoked  and  con- 
gratulations were  exchanged  upon  the  felicitous  relations 
between  the  Indian  guests  and  their  hosts.  Patriotic  songs  were 
rendered  and  the  Indian  chiefs  sang  and  danced.  The  con- 
ference, which  was  open  to  the  public,  delighted  the  spectator, 
with  its  novelty  and  brilliancy. 

The  Society's  prestige  was  enhanced  among  men  of  learning 
by  the  establishment  under  its  auspices  in  June,  1790,  of  the 
American  Museum  for  patriotic  mementos  and  material  of 
historic  value.  The  Common  Council  assigned  it  a  room  in 
the  City  Hall.  Under  the  guidance  of  Pintard  it  grew  rapidly 
in  importance  and  became  one  of  the  show  places  of  the  city. 


39 


In  1794  it  was  removed  from  the  City  Hall  to  the  Exchange  in 
Broad  Street.  Later  the  Museum  passed  to  the  custody  of 
others.  In  1865  it  was  destroyed  when  Barnum's  Museum  was 
burned22. 

First  Kept  Washington's  Birthday. 

On  February  22,  1790,  the  Tammany  Society  celebrated  the 
birthday  of  President  Washington.  The  regular  monthly 
meeting  of  the  Society  chancing  to  fall  on  that  date  and  a 
song  suitable  to  the  occasion  was  sung  and  great  patriotic 
fervor  was  evinced  by  the  participants.  The  Society,  at  that 
meeting  by  formal  motion 

Resolved,  unanimously  that  the  22nd  day  of  February  *  *  * 
be  this  day  and  ever  hereafter  commemorated  by  this  Society  as 
the  birth  of  the  illustrious  George  Washington,  President  of  the 
United  States  of  America. 

This  was  the  first  anniversary  of  Washington's  Birthday 
after  his  inauguration  as  President,  and  its  recognition  by  the 
Society  was  the  first  formal  notice  taken  of  the  event.  Even 
the  Order  of  the  Cincinnati,  of  which  Washington  was  Presi- 
dent-General, took  inspiration  from  the  action  of  the  Tammany 
Society,  and  seven  days  thereafter,  March  1,  1790,  decided 
in  the  future  to  celebrate  the  anniversary  of  his  birthday. 
The  Tammany  Society  for  many  years  faithfully  observed  the 
occasion  with  appropriate  patriotic  ceremony. 

The  Society  early  adopted  the  celebration  of  July  4th  as  one 
of  its  principal  annual  functions,  and  the  custom  in  this  state 
of  reading  the  Declaration  of  Independence  as  a  part  of  the 
4th  of  July  program  was  instituted  by  the  Tammany  Society. 
It  is  the  only  institution  in  America  that  has  since  July  4th, 
1790,  continued  this  custom  without  a  single  interruption. 
The  establishment  of  this  ceremony  has  been  attributed  to 
John  Pintard,  and  his  strong  patriotic  sentiment  and  far-seeing 
appreciation  of  the  significance  of  American  Nationalism  gives 
weight  to  this  opinion.  The  first  four  celebrations  of  Independ- 
ence Day  were  conducted  by  the  Tammany  Society  alone  with 
its  usual  pageantry  and  ceremonials.  On  the  4th  of  July,  17(>4, 
however,  there  was  a  concerted  public  recognition  of  the  day 
and  the  leading  civic  and  patriotic  bodies  in  the  city  combined 
in  the  arrangement  of  an  ostentatious  ceremony  to  take  the 

22  The  Tammany  Museum  was  the  first  museum  established  in  the  City  of  New 
York  and  the  second  in  the  United  States.  Although  no  vestige  of  the  original  col- 
lection now  remains,  nevertheless,  that  institution  performed  an  important  social, 
educational  and  patriotic  function  in  the  life  of  the  community  and  may  properly  he 
regarded  as  the  forerunner  of  our  Historical  societies,  free  library  system  and  public 
museums. 


40 


w 

^  4  9**>4»u  <Jg?4^ 

The  Beginning  of  Our  First  Zoological  Gardens;  Instituted  under 
the  auspices  of  the  American  or  Tammany  Museum 


place  of  the  separate  functions  which  had  theretofore  charac- 
terized the  day. 

The  Society  included  in  its  list  of  celebrations  that  of 
November  25th,  Evacuation  Day,  in  honor  of  the  final  with- 
drawal of  the  British  troops  from  New  York  City  on  Novem- 
ber 25,  1783.  In  conjunction  with  other  civic  bodies  it 
frequently  participated  in  parades  in  honor  of  this  occasion, 
but  for  the  most  part  the  ceremony  was  confined  to  a  banquet 
at  the  Wigwam. 

This  observance  was  continued  until  the  outbreak  of  the 
Mexican  War,  after  which  the  event  seems  to  have  lost  public 
interest. 

The  calendar  of  the  society  issued  with  the  public  con- 
stitution in  1790  included  October  12,  the  anniversary  of  the 
discovery  of  America  as  the  day  sacred  to  the  memory  of 
Columbus — the  Society's  second  patron.  As  a  feature  of  the 
occasion,  a  Long  Talk  usually  delivered  in  conjunction  with 
a  banquet,  was  prescribed.  It  early  became  customary  to 
include  in  the  program  an  ode  or  poem  dedicated  to  the 
Great  Discoverer. 

The  Tercentenary  of  the  discovery  of  America  (the  300th 
Aniversary)  was  celebrated  by  the  Society  on  October  12th, 
1792.  The  Society  began  its  preparation  for  this  event  as 
early  as  April  6th,  1791.  The  occasion  was  marked  by  a 
stately  ceremony  in  which  the  Society  eclipsed  all  former 
efforts  in  the  dignity  and  pomp  displayed.  This  was  the  first 
pretentious  Columbian  celebration  in  the  New  World.  An 
attraction  of  the  celebration  was  an  illuminated  shaft  or 
monument.  It  was  ornamented  with  a  number  of  transparent 
devices  depicting  the  principal  events  in  the  career  of  Columbus 
from  his  reception  by  Queen  Isabella  to  his  imprisonment  and 
humiliation  in  a  Spanish  dungeon.  The  monument  attracted 
considerable  public  interest,  and  after  the  celebration  it  was 
assigned  to  a  central  position  among  the  exhibits  in  the 
Tammany  Museum,  where  for  a  number  of  years  it  was 
annually  illuminated  on  the  12th  day  of  October. 

The  Society's  patriotic  zeal  found  expression  in  tributes 
to  departed  statesmen  and  heroes  of  the  nation.  This  custom 
was  inaugurated  upon  the  death  of  Benjamin  Franklin  in 
1790,  when  the  society  wore  its  badge  of  mourning  for  thirty 
days. 

The  Society  shared  the  grief  which  pervaded  the  entire 
country  on  the  death  of  Washington,  and  conducted  commem- 
orating exercises. 


42 


Upon  the  death  of  Alexander  Hamilton  in  1804,  resolutions 
of  condolence  were  extended  to  his  widow  and  family,  and 
the  Society  -occupied  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  funeral 
procession. 

Again  its  badge  of  mourning,  a  black  crepe  ribbon  edged 
with  red,  was  worn  by  the  Society  at  the  funeral  of  John 
Pierce,  who  was  killed  in  April,  1806,  by  a  shot  from  the 
British  sloop  Leander  off  Sandy  Hook. 

In  July  of  the  following  year,  the  badge  of  mourning  was 
again  displayed  for  thirteen  days,  in  memory  of  the  sailors 
of  the  Frigate  Chesapeake  who  were  killed  by  a  shot  from  the 
British  sloop  Leopard. 

The  wearing  of  this  symbol  at  the  death  of  prominent  men 
became  a  fixed  custom  of  the  Society  which  has  survived  to 
the  present  day. 

Early  Patriotic  Spirit. 

The  practical  character  of  the  Society's  patriotism  is  shown 
by  its  work  on  the  fortifications  guarding  New  York  Harbor. 
In  1794  when  war  with  Great  Britain  seemed  imminent,  the 
unprotected  condition  of  the  city  became  a  subject  for  public 
concern.  The  Tammany  Society  worked  zealously  to  perfect 
the  coast  defenses.  Its  members  labored  with  their  own 
hands  upon  the  fortifications  around  the  harbor ;  and  by  its 
patriotic  efforts  won  the  thanks  of  the  National  Government. 

In  July  1807,  following  the  unwarranted  attack  on  the  Ches- 
apeake, by  a  British  sloop  of  war,  the  Society  organized  the 
"Tammanial  War  Band"  and  volunteered  their  services  to 
President  Jefferson  in  anticipation  of  war  with  England.  A 
War  Song  dedicated  to  the  Band  was  sung  at  the  meetings  of 
the  Society  to  stimulate  and  "keep  alive  the  patriotic  flame." 

The  Society  shared  the  intense  public  interest  in  the  French 
Revolution.  The  signal  service  rendered  to  the  American 
cause  during  the  Revolutionary  War  was  gratefully  remem- 
bered, and  the  American  people  displayed  a.  lively  sympathy 
with  the  French  in  their  efforts  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of 
despotism.  The  Tammany  Society  carried  its  enthusiasm  for 
the  FYench  Revolution  to  the  point  of  holding  celebrations  to 
commemorate  its  events.  The  first  of  these  was  held  on  July 
14,  1792,  "to  celebrate  that  day  on  which  the  French  nation 
wrested  from  the  hands  of  tyranny  their  liberty  and  freedom." 
The  Wigwam  was  brilliantly  illuminated  and  decorated  with 
the  Stars  and  Stripes  and  the  Tricolor  of  France.    At  the 


43 


banquet,  a  notable  feature  of  the  gathering,  congratulatory 
addresses  were  delivered  and  toasts  offered  to  the  continued 
freedom  of  the  French  people. 

On  May  12th,  1794,  a  grand  civic  feast  in  honor  of  the 
Society  was  given  aboard  the  French  sloop-of-war  La  Perdrix. 
and  on  the  same  afternoon  the  French  Consul  participated  in 
the  anniversary  celebration  held  on  shore  by  the  Society.  On 
September  22d  of  the  same  year,  the  officers  of  the  Society 
were  the  guests  of  the  French  consul  at  a  dinner  given  in  honor 
of  the  new  French  Republic. 

While  the  Society  was  slowly  gyrating  into  the  whirlpool 
of  politics,  there  arrived  in  New  York  in  the  fall  of  1793 
Citizen  Genet  and  .Mrs.  Ann  Julia  Hatton.  The  former  was 
spokesman  for  France  and  the  latter  sprang  into  immediate 
prominence  as  the  bard  of  American  Democracy.  She  cham- 
pioned the  cause  of  Republicanism  and  dedicated  to  the 
Democratic  Society  a  patriotic  ode  embodying  the  French 
ideas  of  liberty  and  equality  with  which  she  was  imbued.  Mrs. 
Hatton  was  patronized  by  the  Tammany  Society  and  wrote 
an  opera  called  "Tammany,  or  the  Indian  Chief,"  based  upon 
the  legends  of  its  patrons.  The  Society  in  its  zeal  secured  the 
production  of  the  piece  in  New  York  in  March,  1794.  Its 
expressions  of  liberty  and  equality  created  a  sensation ;  the 
prologue  and  epilogue  were  characterized  by  their  strong 
leaning  toward  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolution.  The 
Federalists  severely  criticized  the  piece  and  condemned  its  sen- 
timents, but  it  met  with  great  favor  among  Republicans. 

This  incident  tended  to  widen  the  gap  between  the  Tam- 
many Society  and  the  Federalists,  and  the  bitterness  engen- 
dered brought  it  into  closer  allegiance  to  the  Democrats.  The 
final  breech,  however,  between  the  Federalists  and  the  Demo- 
crats in  the  Society  and  its  taking  up  of  the  cudgels  of  active 
politics  were  precipitated  by  the  controversy  over  the  national 
excise  tax,  one  of  Hamilton's  fiscal  measures. 

The  final  step  in  the  drift  of  the  Society  towards  politics 
is  directly  due  to  the  oppressive  measures  passed  by  the  Fed- 
eralists during  the  administration  of  John  Adams  ;  these  mea- 
sures carried  to  the  extreme  Hamilton's  doctrine  of  a  National 
Government  with  highly  centralized  powers.  Availing  them- 
selves of  their  sudden  supremacy  in  both  houses  of  Congress, 
the  Federalists  placed  upon  the  statute  books,  the  Naturaliza- 
tion Act,  the  Alien  Act  and  the  Sedition  Law. 

Under  the  Naturalization  Act  the  requisite  term  of  resi- 
dence in  the  United  States  preliminary  to  qualifying  for 


44 


The  "Wigwam"  From  1812  to  1868.  The  First  Tammany  Hall 


citizenship  was  extended  from  five  to  fourteen  years,  and  the 
process  of  naturalization  was  rendered  unusually  stringent. 

All  aliens,  by  the  provisions  of  the  new  Alien  Act,  were 
placed  under  a  system  of  surveillance,  by  requiring  them  to  be 
reported  and  registered;  they  were  subject  to  summary  de- 
portation at  the  whim  of  the  President,  without  cause  assigned 
or  the  right  of  judicial  review.  The  President's  orders,  in 
this  respect,  were  to  be  executed  by  the  Marshals  of  the  United 
States,  without  any  recourse,  whatever,  to  the  courts. 

The  Sedition  Law  was  a  direct  blow  at  free  speech  and 
liberty  of  the  press.  Under  this  Act  a  person  could  not,  in 
speech  or  by  writing,  have  criticized  a  Federal  officer,  includ- 
ing the  Chief  Executive,  a  member  of  Congress  or  an  act 
passed  by  that  body,  without  incurring  the  risk  of  public 
prosecution.  The  Federalists,  distrusting  the  forbearance  of 
State  Courts  and  prosecutors,  in  cases  of  libel  against  the 
National  Government  and  kindred  political  offences,  gave 
jurisdiction  of  the  crimes  under  the  Sedition  Act  to  Federal 
officers  and  tribunals  in  order  to  insure  a  direction  of  prosecut- 
ing machinery  favorable  to  their  party  ends. 

The  Federalist  Party  weighted  with  the  odium  of  these  laws, 
was  doomed.  Public  sentiment  turned  against  it  and  a  wave 
of  indignation  stormed  the  country.  With  the  phrases 
"freedom  of  speech"  and  "liberty  of  the  press"  on  their  lips, 
and  with  the  fervor  of  crusaders,  the  Republicans,  guided  by 
Jefferson,  organized  throughout  the  United  States  for  the 
overthrow  of  the  Federal  party. 

In  New  York  City,  the  Tammany  Society,  whose  basic  prin- 
cip'es  were  Liberty  and  Equality,  became  the  rallying  point  of 
the  supporters  of  personal  liberty  and  popular  rights,  and  co- 
operated with  the  Republicans  for  the  election  of  Jefferson 
to  the  Presidency. 

In  this  election,  the  Society  enrolled  and  canvassed  the 
voters  with  ordered  precision.  To  meet  the  property  quali- 
fications of  voters,  it  united  a  number  of  men  in  the  ownership 
of  the  same  piece  of  property,  thus  increasing  the  number  of 
freeholders  or  voters.  The  Presidential  Electors  were  carried 
for  Jefferson  and  Tammany  Hall  had  entered  and  won  its  first 
political  contest. 

So  effective  was  its  work  and  so  well  organized  was  its 
method  of  attack  that  after  this  defeat  of  the  Federalists, 
Hamilton  advocated  that  a  society  similar  to  the  Tammany 
Society  in  scheme  of  organization  and  activity  be  organized  to 
support  the  Federal  Party. 


40 


The  day  Jefferson  assumed  office,  March  4,  1801,  was 
observed  as  a  holiday.  The  whole  country  was  noisy  with 
hell-ringing  and  cannonading  in  honor  of  the  Triumph  of 
Democracy  and  ihe  inauguration  of  the  Man  of  the  People. 
Since  the  news  of  peace  swept  the  land  in  1783  there  had  not 
been  such  an  exhibition  of  heartfelt  joy.  Nor  was  the  like 
of  it  again  seen  till  another  Democratic  President — Jackson, 
a  Son  of  Tammany  was  elected. 

Thus  we  find  the  Society  launched  on  its  political  career, 
as  a  militant  partisan  influence  and  champion  of  personal 
liberty  and  popular  rights. 


4, 


The  Democratic  Organization 


THE  building  known  as  Tammany  Hall  is  owned  and  con- 
trolled by  the  Society  of  Tammany  or  Columbian  Order. 
Ihe  term  "Tammany  Hall,"  however,  in  popular  significance 
is  used  to  designate  the  Democratic  party  in  the  County  of  New 
York.  This  designation  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  assembly 
hall  of  the  Society,  ever  since  the  construction  of  the  first  Tam- 
many Hall  in  1811,  has  been  the  meeting  place  of  the  controlling 
committees  of  the  Democratic  party. 

In  a  similar  manner  the  dominant  forces  of  the  local  Democ- 
racy prior  to  1811  acquired  the  names  of  "Martling  Party"  and 
"Tammanial  Party,"  because  they  met  in  the  Society's  wigwam 
at  Martling's  Long  Room,  and  in  the  struggle  with  De  Witt 
Clinton  for  supremacy  within  the  party,  the  faction  led  by 
the  Society  was  called  "Bucktails"  after  the  well-known  Tam- 
manial Emblem. 

Since  1817,  however,  the  phrase  "Tammany  Hall"  has  been 
used  as  the  political  name  of  the  Democratic  party  in  the  County. 

Originally  an  organization  of  purely  social,  charitable  and 
patriotic  motives,  the  Tammany  Society  was  transformed  into 
an  agency  for  the  promotion  and  maintenance  of  republican 
principles.  From  1800  until  1871  the  Council  of  Sachems  of 
the  Tammany  Society,  by  its  control  of  the  use  of  the  Hall, 
passed  upon  the  regularity  of  Committees,  Conventions,  and 
Nominations  of  the  party  and  was  the  directing  power  of  party 
affairs.  By  custom  and  precedent,  therefore,  the  body  that 
met  in  Tammany  Hall  was  regarded  as  the  regular  Democratic 
party  and  its  nominees  were  accepted  as  the  regular  party 
candidates. 

This  relation  of  the  Society  to  the  Party  is  amply  described 
in  a  statement  issued  Feb.  4,  1853,  by  the  Council  of  Sachems 
in  deciding  which  of  two  contending  County  Committees  was 
entitled  to  hold  its  meetings  in  the  Hall.  In  the  course  of  its 
address  the  Council  stated : 

The  Tammany  Society  or  Columbian  Order,  now  two-thirds  of  a 
century  old,  has,  for  a  long  period  of  time,  been  a  centre  of  Democ- 
racy, not  only  of  this  City,  but  to  some  extent,  of  the  whole 
country.  *  *  *  Its  influence  has  been  exerted  to  preserve  in 
purity  and  vigor,  the  Democratic  Creed  and  to  disseminate  and 
foster  a  spirit  of  harmony  and  conciliation  among  all  who  profess 
its  ennobling  and  beneficent  doctrines.  *  *  *  It  would  be  as 
reasonable  to  assert  at  noonday,  in  the  face  of  the  sun.  that  that  orb 
does  not  emit  light  as  to  deny  that  the  Tammany  Society  is  a 
political  organization.  Indeed,  its  political  fame  is  too  extended  to 
need  mention,  much  less  proof  of  its  existence. 


48 


Our  Society  owns  Tammany  Hall — the  Great  Wigwam ;  and  by 
its  control  of  the  political  use  of  this  building  has  exercised  a  mate- 
rial influence  in  respect  to  the  Democratic  Organization.  Tammany 
Hall  has  been  identified  with  every  Democratic  struggle  from  the 
time  of  its  erection  to  the  present.  Alike  in  victory  and  defeat,  it 
has  been  the  home  of  sound  principles.  *  *  *  Whatever  may 
have  been  the  divisions  in  the  Democratic  rank,  either  in  the  Union 
or  in  the  State,  the  Democratic  Organization  in  Tammany  Hall  has 
adhered  to  the  regular  Democratic  standard.  The  credit  of  these 
gratifying  results  may  in  a  large  degree  be  ascribed  to  the  influence 
of  our  Society. 

The  power  to  determine  absolutely  as  to  the  occupancy  of  the  Hall 
is  vested  in  the  Grand  Council  of  the  Tammany  Society.  The 
Sachems  have  so  judiciously  discharged  this  delicate  duty,  that  the 
decisions  of  the  Council  have  not  only  been  proven  by  time  to  be 
wise  and  salutary,  but  have  always  been  cheerfully  sustained  by  the 
masses  of  the  Democratic  party. 

Following  the  reorganization  of  the  Democratic  County 
Committee  in  1871,  when  the  Assembly  District  was  adopted 
as  the  basis  of  representation,  the  Society  slowly  relinquished 
its  hold  upon  the  party  machinery  and  the  evolution  of  state 
election  laws  regulating  party  control  completed  the  separa- 
tion. Thus  by  a  singular  metamorphosis  the  Society,  which 
for  so  many  years  had  been  the  absolute  dictator  of  Demo- 
cratic politics  in  New  York  County  and  the  arbiter  of  party 
regularity,  was  wholly  divorced  from  its  partisan  control  and 
resumed  its  original  character  as  a  fraternal  and  patriotic 
body. 

The  political  organization  known  as  Tammany  Hall  and 
the  Society  of  Tammany  or  Columbian  Order  in  the  City  of 
New  York,  are  now,  separate  and  distinct  entities, — the  former 
a  body  created  and  regulated  by  statute,  a  legalized  func- 
tionary of  party  government;  the  latter  the  continuation  of 
an  ancient  and  honorable  patriotic  movement  tracing  its  tradi- 
tions and  public  service  through  nearly  150  years  of  active 
life.  The  Society  and  the  Democratic  Organization,  however, 
are  so  interlocked  that  it  is  customary  for  leaders  of  the  party 
to  be  ofTicers  of  the  Society.  Thus  the  Society  is  today 
dominated  by  the  political  institution  which  it  created  and 
long  controlled. 

Origin  of  the  County  Committee. 

The  New  York  County  Committee  provides  the  framework 
of  the  organization  known  as  Tammany  Hall.  It  is  the 
direct  successor  of  the  "General  Committee"  whose  origin  may 
be  traced  to  the  Ward  Committee  of  the  early  days  of  the 
Republican  (now  Democratic)  scheme  of  party  organization 
in   New  York.    The  County  Committee  is  still  popularly 


50 


called  the  General  Committee  of  the  Party.  However,  the 
term  "County  Committee"  has  supplanted  the  term  "General 
Committee"  in  recent  legislative  enactments  and  judicial  deci- 
sions relating  to  party  government  and  the  legal  title  now  is 
"County  Committee." 

With  the  development  of  parties  during  Washington's  ad- 
ministration, the  system  of  formal  nominations  of  the  candi- 
dates of  parties  for  elective  office  also  developed,  but  the 
growth,  from  within  the  parties,  of  permanent  organizations, 
which  should  serve  as  regular  nominating  bodies,  was  re- 
tarded. Prior  to  1800,  no  trace  of  this  party  function  can 
be  found.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Republic  the  parties  had 
no  need  of  a  rigid  structure,  for  the  reason  that  the  number 
of  voters  was  limited  by  the  qualifications  of  the  election  fran- 
chise and  the  elective  officers  were  not  numerous.  More- 
over, there  was  a  ruling  class  in  American  Society,  made  up 
of  groups  of  men,  whose  wealth  and  social  position  com- 
manded the  confidence  of  their  fellow  citizens  and  whose 
leadership  was  accepted  without  a  protest.  These  men  were 
the  natural  leaders  in  the  community  and  dictated  the  policies 
of  the  Party  and  "offered"  candidates  for  the  elective  offices, 
who  were  then  ratified  by  the  general  meetings  of  the  voters 
held  in  the  various  Wards. 

Early  in  1799  the  Republicans,  under  the  guidance  of  Jeffer- 
son, began  to  inaugurate  a  system  of  party  machinery 
throughout  the  United  States.  This  system  was  effectively 
installed  in  1800.  The  basis  of  the  scheme  was  a  Party — an 
association  of  citizens — aiming  at  the  expression  of  legislative 
or  administrative  policies  through  control  of  governmental 
machinery.  Its  objects  were  the  nomination  of  candidates, 
the  promotion  of  unity,  inspiring  enthusiasm  and  energy,  and 
the  political  education  of  voters  with  the  view  of  adding  them 
to  the  party  ranks.  The  organization  in  each  state  consisted 
of  a  General  Committee,  a  County  Committee,  and  of  sub- 
Committees  in  the  towns  and  Wards,  with  various  Commit- 
tees on  correspondence. 

In  New  York  City,  the  organization  was  based  on  a  City 
wide  General  Committee  and  sub-Committees  known  as  Ward 
Committees.  As  early  as  1803,  traces  of  the  General  Com- 
mittee are  found.  In  that  year  the  Republican  voters  as- 
sembled in  each  of  the  ten  wards  in  the  City  and  elected  a 
Ward  Committee  of  three.  These  Ward  representatives,  con- 
sisting of  thirty  members,  constituted  the  General  Committee 
which  had  full  control  of  the  party  affairs.  In  addition  there 
was  a  nominating  Committee  of  Seventy,  seven  delegates  from 


51 


each  Ward,  which  met  in  the  assembly  rooms  of  the  Society 
and  nominated  the  candidates  for  public  office. 

The  Committees'  nominations  had  to  be  submitted  for  ap- 
proval to  the  Republican  electors,  called  in  mass  meeting  in 
the  wards,  or  in  general  mass-meeting  of  all  the  electors  in 
the  City.  These  meetings  became  known  in  time  as  ratifica- 
tion meetings.  In  the  early  development  of  the  general  or 
ratification  meetings.  Committees  were  appointed  to  prepare 
addresses  to  the  voters,  which  became  in  effect  the  Party 
Platform  in  the  Campaign.  Committees  on  Correspondence 
were  also  designated  with  power  to  carry  on  the  Campaign. 
By  1822,  however,  these  functions  had  been  absorbed  by  the 
General  Committee,  which  assumed  full  control  of  the  Party 
management. 

The  General  Committee,  started  in  1803  with  a  membership 
of  thirty — three  from  each  Ward.  As  late  as  1853  this  unit 
of  representation  was  preserved,  when  the  Committee  con- 
sisted of  sixty  members — the  number  of  Wards  having  been 
increased  to  twenty. 

Between  1853  and  1869  the  membership  was  increased 
to  400 ;  while  the  Ward  was  still  the  unit  of  representation, 
the  members  of  the  Committee  were  selected  from  the  Elec- 
tion District  within  the  Ward.  This  Central  or  County  Or- 
ganization was  charged  with  the  general  party  management 
during  the  year,  such  as  calling  public  meetings,  nominating 
conventions  and  primary  elections.  There  was  a  Ward  Or- 
ganization consisting  of  delegates  from  each  Election  District 
in  the  Ward,  who  were  in  permanent  session.  These  District 
representatives  were  considered  the  captains  who  marshalled 
and  led  into  action  the  rank  and  file  of  the  Democratic  host  of 
the  City. 

At  the  Democratic  State  Convention  held  at  Rochester  in 
1871,  there  were  contesting  delegations  from  Xew  York  City. 
Both  were  rejected  by  the  Convention,  which  adopted  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  : 

Resolved,  that  hereafter  no  delegate  shall  be  received  from  the 
City  of  New  York  as  a  member  of  the  State  Convention  unless  he 
shall  have  been  elected  by  the  Assembly  District  Convention  as 
delegates  are  now  chosen  in  the  several  counties  of  the  state,  and 
that  he  shall  present  a  certificate  of  election  from  the  district,  so 
that  each  assembly  district  shall  have  an  organization  originating 
with  the  democratic  voters  thereof,  which  shall  be  separate  and 
independent  and  shall  have  relations  only  with  the  State  Con- 
vention and  that  in  the  organization  and  proceedings  of  state  con- 
ventions, each  district  shall  be  separately  called  and  each  delegate 
shall  individually  announce  his  vote. 

Following  this  resolution,  the  Democratic  General  Com- 
mittee of  the  County  of  Xew  York  was  reorganized  and  the 

52 


The  Present  Tammany  Hall,  145  East  14th  Street 


basis  of  representation  in  the  Committee  was  changed  from 
the  Ward  to  the  Assembly  District.  The  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  voters  has  brought  a  corresponding  increase  in  the 
number  of  the  General  or  County  Committee,  so  that  the 
number  is  now  regulated  on  the  basis  of  the  Democratic  vote 
cast  for  the  party's  candidate  for  Governor,  at  the  preceding 
Gubernatorial  election.  The  membership  of  the  County  Com- 
mittee has  increased  from  400  in  1869  to  800  in  1874;  to  1250 
in  1880;  to  3500  in  1893;  to  7900  in  1908  and  to  11,264  in 
1924. 

Safeguarding  The  Ballot. 

Party  machinery  from  meagre  beginnings,  became  more 
definite  and  more  complete  from  generation  to  generation ; 
and  while  its  enormous  power  was  early  recognized  for  a 
long  time  it  was  regarded  as  a  purely  private  association  not- 
withstanding its  eminently  public  character,  With  realiza- 
tion of  the  relationship  of  party  machinery  to  public  affairs, 
the  State  adopted  a  policy  of  regulating  parties  by  statute  and 
the  party  in  the  State  is  now  recognized  by  law  and  made  a 
part  of  the  regular  mechanism  of  government. 

In  1866  the  New  York  State  legislature  passed  an  Act  mak- 
ing corrupt  practices  at  party  primaries  a  misdemeanor  punish- 
able by  fine  or  imprisonment.  In  1882  further  protection  was 
given  to  the  primaries  and  certain  acts  such  as  the  false 
impersonation  of  a  voter,  voting  without  right,  prevention  of 
others  from  voting,  and  fraudulent  concealment  or  destruc- 
tion of  ballots  were  made  crimes.  A  system  of  challenges  of 
voters  was  provided  and  the  election  officials  of  the  general 
election  were  directed  to  preside  at  the  primaries.  Four  years 
later,  however,  the  provisions  of  the  Act  were  restricted  to 
Cities  of  10,000  or  more  inhabitants,  and  special  provisions 
were  added  relating  to  New  York  City.  The  law  as  amended 
provided  for  the  appointment  of  watchers ;  it  required  that 
the  ballot  box  be  kept  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  full  view  of 
the  watchers ;  it  required  the  keeping  of  a  poll  list  and  the 
making  and  filing  of  returns  in  the  County  Clerk's  offices. 
The  qualifications  to  enable  a  voter  to  participate  in  the  Pri- 
maries, were  under  the  law,  "those  prescribed  by  the  regula- 
tions of  the  association  holding  the  Primary  or  Convention." 

In  1898  and  1899  further  safeguards  were  thrown  around 
the  primaries ;  the  state  by  legislative  enactment  recognized 
the  equal  importance  of  the  primary  and  general  elections  and 
modeled  the  conduct  of  the  primary  upon  the  general  lines  of 
conduct  of  the  general  election.    The  new  laws  provided  for 


54 


the  enrollment  of  the  voters  and  the  only  exaction  permitted 
precedent  to  a  voter's  right  to  enroll  was  that  he  was  required 
to  express  an  intention  to  support  generally  at  the  next  state 
or  national  election  the  nominees  of  his  Party.  Booths  at  the 
public  expense  were  provided,  which  permitted  the  primary 
voter  to  cast  his  ballot  in  secret.  A  standard  ballot  and  its 
mode  of  printing  was  provided  for,  and  an  annual  primary 
day  was  fixed ;  with  provision  that  the  polls  be  opened  for  a 
fixed  period  of  time  in  each  Election  District. 

In  1911  the  legislature  passed  an  Act  providing  for  an  offi- 
cial ballot  at  the  primaries  printed  and  distributed  at  the  pub- 
lic expense.  The  dominant  idea  pervading  the  entire  series 
of  legislation  on  primary  elections  is  the  absolute  assurance 
to  the  Citizen  that  his  wish  as  to  the  conduct  of  affairs  by  his 
Party  may  be  expressed  through  his  ballot  and  thus  put  in 
effective  operation  in  the  primaries  the  underlying  principle 
of  democracy  which  makes  the  will  of  unfettered  majority 
control,  or  in  other  words  the  scheme  is  to  permit  the  voters 
to  construct  the  party  from  the  bottom  upward  instead  of  per- 
mitting leaders  to  construct  it  from  the  top  downward.  A 
legal  status  was  given  to  the  County  Committee,  and  admis- 
sion to  it  could  only  be  obtained  by  election  at  the  polls  On 
primary  day.  After  the  committee  is  elected,  the  statute 
provides  that  it  shall  meet  and  organize,  and  directs  that  it 
adopt  rules  and  regulations  for  its  conduct. 

Under  the  law.  therefore,  the  sovereign  power  of  the  party 
is  the  enrolled  voter.  The  Election  Law  provides  that  before 
a  person  is  entitled  to  participate  in  the  party  primaries  that 
person  must  have  enrolled  as  a  member  of  the  Party  at  the 
preceding  General  Registration. 

The  mechanics  of  becoming  an  enrolled  Democrat  is  simple. 
No  person  may  vote  at  a  general  election  unless  he  or  she  shall 
first  register  as  a  voter  pursuant  to  law.  At  the  time  of 
registration  such  person  is  given  an  enrollment  b1ank  or  ballot, 
upon  which  he  or  she  may  declare  affiliation  with  the  Demo- 
cratic Party.  The  enrollment  blank  or  bal'ot  is  then  deposited 
in  a  box  and  kept  secret  until  after  the  general  election  is  held. 
The  voter's  name  is  then  placed  upon  the  enrollment  list  of 
the  Party  and  the  person  named  is  then  entitled  to  participate 
at  all  the  Party  primaries  during  the  year. 


55 


Tammany  'Patriotism 

Tammany  since  its  inception  has  been  the  leader  in  patriotic 
and  civic  movements.  The  following  is  a  brief  outline 
of  its  contributions  to  American  ideals. 

1772-1782 — Tammany  Societies  in  the  Colonies  were  the  rally- 
ing point  of  opposition  to  England  and  were  leaders  of 
revolutionary  sentiment. 

1800-1820— The  Tammany  Societies  in  the  U.  S.  led  the 
struggle  for  popular  rule  and  equal  rights. 

1790 — Conciliated  the  Frontier  Indian  Tribes  who  were  hostile 
to  the  new  Government. 

Established  the  American  or  Tammany  Museum — the 
hrst  Museum  in  New  York  and  the  forerunner  of  our 
Historical  societies,  Zoological  gardens,  and  public  mu- 
seums. 

Adopted  the.  custom  of  public  mourning  for  departed 
Statesmen  and  Heroes. 

1792,  Oct.  12— Celebrated  the  300th  anniversary  of  the  Dis- 
covery of  America  with  elaborate  ceremony. 

1792-1796 — Supported  the  French  Revolution  and  the  Free- 
dom of  France. 

1794,  April  29,  30 — Worked  on  the  Fortifications  around  New 
York  Harbor  when  war  with  England  seemed  imminent. 

1803-1804 — Advocated  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 

1808 — Erected  a  vault  at  the  Wallabout ;  collected  from  the 
beaches  and  interred  the  bones  of  11,000  Soldiers  and 
Sailors  who  perished  on  the  British  Prison  Ships  during 
the  Revolution. 

War  with  Great  Britain,  1812-1815. 

Tammany  supported  Madison  in  his  determination  to  make 
war  with  (ireat  Britain,  and  by  its  correspondence,  mass  meet- 
ings and  resolutions  created  public  sentiment  in  favor  of  the 
protection  of  the  American  Sailors'  rights  and  the  freedom 
of  the  seas,  and  aroused  public  indignation  against  the  ag- 
gressive and  oppressive  methods  of  England  aimed  at  our 
commerce ;  its  headquarters  were  thrown  open  to  every  sup- 
porter of  the  war  regardless  of  political  affiliations. 

1806,  April — Society  marched  in  procession  at  the  funeral 
of  John  Pierce,  an  American  sailor,  who  was  killed 
bv  a  shot  from  the  British  sloop  Leander  off  Sandv 
Hook. 


56 


1807,  July— Public  Mourning  for  the  Sailors  of  the  U.  S. 
frigate  Chesapeake  who  were  killed  by  shots  from 
the  British  sloop  Leopard. 

July  22 — Organized  the  "Tammanial  War  Band''  and 
offered  their  services  to  President  Jefferson  in  anti- 
cipation of  war  with  England. 

1812,  February  26 — Adopted  a  resolution  recommending 
immediate  war  with  Great  Britain. 

1812,  July  7 — Held  mass  meeting  to  approve  the  Declara- 
tion of  war  against  England. 

1813 — Supported  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  for  Governor  on  a 
platform  of  "Sailors'  Rights,  Union  of  the  States 
and  Freedom  of  Trade  on  the  High  Seas." 

1813,  September  16 — Public  procession  at  the  funeral 
of  Capt.  James  Lawrence,  who  fell  exclaiming, 
"Don't  give  up  the  ship." 

December  1 — Tendered  banquet  to  General  Harrison. 

IS  14,  January  11 — Tendered  banquet  to  Commodore 
Perry,  the  hero  of  the  naval  battle  of  Lake  Erie, 
who  sent  the  laconic  message,  "We  have  met  the 
enemy  and  they  are  ours." 

August  31 — One  thousand  five  hundred  members  of  the 
Tammany  Society  worked  on  the  fortification  around 
Brooklyn,  under  the  direction  of  Matthew  L.  Davis, 
the  Grand  Sachem. 

1815,  February — Celebrated  the  news  of  Peace,  with  il- 
luminations and  transparencies  that  attracted  national 
attention.  Entertained  elaborately  the  American 
Peace  Commissions  on  their  return  from  Ghent. 

During  the  war,  its  members  subscribed  heavily  to 
the  bond  issues  for  war  funds;  they  filled  with  dis- 
tinction many  positions  in  the  army  from  private  to 
Ma  jor-General. 

1819,  October  5 — Adopted  mourning  for  30  days  on  the  death 
of  Commodore  Perry. 
October  11 — Published  an  address  on  National  Economy, 
Home  Industry  and  Public  Schools,  which  attracted 
wide  attention  for  its  sound  principles  of  political 
science. 

1820-1821 — Conducted  a  campaign  for  Manhood  Suffrage 
which  resulted  in  victory  in  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1821. 


57 


1821,  June  14 — Celebration  of  the  Victory  of  election  reform. 
1823,  October  3 — Recommended  an  amendment  to  the  U.  S. 

Constitution  to  elect  the  President  by  direct  vote. 
1824 — Tendered  reception  to  Lafayette  on  his  visit  to  the 

U.  S. 

1825,  July  4-^Sympathized  with  Bolivar,  The  Great  Liberator, 
who  established  the  independence  of  Peru  and  Spanish 
Colonies  of  South  xAjnerica. 

1826-1827 — Reduced  the  term  of  residence  for  eligibility  to 
citizenship  to  5  years. 

1830,  November  26 — Held  a  large  mass  meeting  in  honor 
of  the  French  Victories  over  Charles  X,  presided  over  by 
President  Monroe. 
.    1831 — Secured  the  repeal  of  the  Debtors'  Prison  Law. 

1832 — Supported  President  Jackson  and  his  nullification 
proclamation  against  secession ;  it  adopted  and  used  as 
its  slogan  until  the  conclusion  of  the  Civil  War  Jackson's 
famous  words,  "The  Union  must  and  shall  be  preserved." 

1835 — The  Common  Council  of  the  City,  under  Tammany 
Hall,  loaned  $6,000,000  at  5%  to  rebuild  the  part  of  the 
city  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of  1835. 

1842,  May — Sympathized  with  Dorr  in  his  struggle  for  polit- 
ical liberty  in  Rhode  Island  and  endorsed  his  tocsin, 
"Liberty  shall  be  restored  to  the  people." 

1845,  January  13— Passed  resolution  favoring  the  annexation 
of  Texas. 

1846,  June  1 — Held  an  enormous  Mass  Meeting  on  the  im- 
pending Mexican  War. 

1847,  February  27 — Endorsed  Polk's  War  policy  against 
Mexico  and  volunteered  their  services  during  the  war. 

1830-1857 — Conducted  a  strenuous  fight  for  religious  liberty 
in  politics,  and  fought  and  destroyed  Know-Nothingism 
in  New  York  City. 

The  Civil  War,  1861-1865 

Tammany  acquired  international  fame  for  its  vigorous  fidel- 
ity to  the  Union  during  the  Civil  War. 

It  raised  and  equipped,  at  its  own  expense,  a  regiment,  The 
Tammany  Jackson  Guard,  42nd  New  York  Infantry,  which 
fought  during  the  entire  war.  In  1891,  a  monument  to  the 
Regiment  was  erected  by  the  Tammany  Society  on  the  battle 
field  of  Gettysburg. 


5.S 


William  H.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State  during  the  war 
paid  the  following  tribute  to  Tammany  for  its  patriotic  attitude 
in  the  great  conflict : 

I  have  had  some  difference  in  my  time  with  the  Tammany 
Society,  but  I  long  ago  forgot  them  all.  when  I  recall  the  fact 
that  the  Society  has  never  once  failed  to  observe  and  honor 
the  anniversary  of  National  Independence,  and  the  further  fact 
that  during  the  recent  Civil  War  the  Tammany  Society  sent 
its  sons  to  fight  for  the  Union,  and,  with  unswerving  fidelity, 
heartily  supported  the  Federal  Government. 

1866-1873 — Favored  a  tolerant  and  generous  policy  for  recon- 
structing the  states  that  seceded  from  the  Union. 

1892-Oct.  12— Celebrated  the  400th  anniversary  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America  with  appropriate  ceremony. 

1898-  Raised  and  equipped  a  regiment  for  the  Spanish- 

American  War  and  tendered  it  to  President  Mckinley, 
it.  however,  was  never  mustered  into  service. 
After  our  Country  declared  war  upon  Germany  (April  7. 
1917),  Tammany  Hall  unanimously  passed  the  following  reso- 
lution: 

Whereas,  the  President,  acting  under  the  authority  granted  him 
by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  has  declared  this  country  to 
be  in  a  state  of  war  and  has  called  upon  the  citizens  to  render  such 
aid  as  may  be  within  their  power ;  and 

Whereas,  It  therefore  becomes  the  privilege  and  the  patriotic  duty 
of  every  citizen  to  tender  to  the  Nation  such  support  as  he  may  be 
capable  of,  for  the  energetic  prosecution  of  the  war  and  the 
achievement  of  ah  honorable  and  decisive  victory;  now  therefore 
be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  Democratic  County  Committee  of  the  County 
of  New  York  hereby  pledges  the  loyal  and  united  support  of  its 
members  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  tenders  to  the 
Government  the  free  and  unrestricted  use  of  the  buildings  consti- 
tuting the  headquarters  of  the  District  Committees  in  the  thirty- 
one  districts  in  the  County  of  New  York,  as  well  as  all  services 
that  this  Committee,  numbering  six  thousand  (6.000)  can  render, 
whether  for  the  recruiting  of  men.  the  development  of  economic 
re>.»urces  or  the  relief  of  those  to  whom  the  war  will  bring  distress, 
in  order  to  ustain  the  President  in  the  maintaining  of  the  honor  ol 
the  Nation,  the  defense  of  our  citizens  by  land  and  by  sea,  and  the 
establishment  throughout  the  world  of  those  principles  of  justice, 
freedom  and  democracy  of  which  this  country  is  the  impartial  advo- 
cate, and  for  the  promotion  and  maintenance  of  which  this  party 
was  organized ;  further 

Resolved,  That  a  Committee  of  four,  of  whom  the  Chairman  of 
this  County  Committee  shall  be  one.  be  appointed  bv  the  Chairman 
for  the  purpose  of  delivering  to  the  President  at  the  Capitol  of 
the  Nation  a  copy  of  this  resolution,  together  with  a  statement  of 
the  location  of  such  assembly  district  headquarters,  and  of  such 
tacts  as  will  show  the  available  resources  of  the  Democratic  Count v 
Committee. 


59 


It  is  needless  to  say  that  Tammany  Hall  had  a  great  many 
of  its  members  fighting  the  cause  of  democracy  in  the  trenches 
overseas,  and  that  it  achieved  a  great  record  here  in  the  sale 
of  Liberty  Bonds.  It  would  be  impossible,  in  the  confines  of  a 
manuscript  of  this  size,  to  give  even  a  short  history  of  the 
many  Tammanyites  who  glorified  themselves  on  the  battle- 
fields of  France. 

A  typical  illustration  will  suffice : 

Percival  E.  Nagle,  although  60  years  of  age,  enlisted  as  a 
private  and  was  soon  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major  of  Field 
Artillery.  He  took  part  in  thirty-four  engagements ;  he  was 
twice  cited  for  meritorious  service  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy 
and  was  awarded  the  Croix-de-Guerre  with  Palm  and  Star. 
His  official  discharge  from  the  Army  bears  the  endorsement: 

Service  the  highest.     Faithful  and  efficient  officer ;   cool  and 
courageous  under  fire. 

Major  Nagle  was  a  Tammany  District  Leader  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  December,  1923,  was  Sheriff  of  New  York 
County. 

1919 — Favored  self-determination  for  Ireland  at  the  Paris 
Peace  Conference. 
In  every  crisis  through  which  our  American  Government 
has  passed,  Tammany  has  been  in  the  forefront  of  the  fight 
for  freedom  and  Democracy.  Its  labors  have  perpetuated  the 
principles  of  liberty  and  independence  on  which  our  govern- 
ment was  founded. 


60 


The  Late  Charles  F.  Murphy  Standing  by  the  Engrossed  Copy 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  Tammany  Hall 


61 


Distinguished  Sons  of  Tammany 


THE  Tammany  movement  from  its  inception  attracted  to 
its  membership  men  of  substance  and  influence.  The 
roster  of  the  early  Tammany  Societies  is  embellished  with 
the  names  of  eminent  scholars,  scientists,  men  of  letters,  pub- 
licists, members  of  the  Professions,  and  Patriots  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. These  men  passed  to  the  later  day  Tammany  Societies 
a  glorious  heritage  of  patriotism,  civic  ideals,  progressive 
thought  and  sound  principles  of  conduct  in  the  national  life 
of  our  Country.  This  heritage,  in  its  fullest  significance,  was 
accepted  by  the  New  York  Tammany  Society  and  made  the 
foundation  of  its  Articles  of  Faith;  for  one  hundred  and 
thirty-five  years  the  impelling  power  and  achievements  of  its 
membership  has  been  a  constructive  force  in  the  development 
of  the  Nation.  From  its  ranks  were  drawn  men  of  action 
and  character  to  solve  the  political  and  economic  problems 
of  their  time.  During  this  long  span  of  time  the  membership 
of  the  Society  which  is  drawn  from  the  enterprising  citizenry 
of  the  City,  has  made  momentous  contributions  to  the  develop- 
ment and  up-building  of  our  City,  our  State,  and  our  Nation  ; 
to  industry  and  commerce ;  to  charitable  and  social  wrork  ;  to 
religious  and  personal  liberty ;  to  civic  ideals  and  good  citizen- 
ship ;  to  Statecraft  and  International  comity ;  to  literature ;  to 
art  and  to  the  sciences.  Their  great  public  service  in  crystaliz- 
ing  the  sentiments  and  traditions  of  American  patriotism, 
and  in  the  championship  of  the  principles  of  true  democracy 
have  aided  in  no  small  measure  our  National  growth. 

To  the  Constitution  of  the  New  York  Tammany  Society 
is  affixed  the  signatures  of  members  of  the  "Sons  of  Liberty'' ; 
of  the  Revolutionary  Committees  on  Correspondence,  Resist- 
ance and  Safety;  of  the  Boston  Tea  Party;  of  the  Provincial 
and  Continental  Congress,  and  of  officers  and  soldiers  of  the 
American  army  of  the  Revolution.  The  Society  may  point 
with  real  pride  to  the  signatures  (attached  to  its  membership 
roll)  of  signers  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  a  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  three  Vice-Presidents  of  the  United 
States ;  five  cabinet  members  of  the  United  States;  fourteen 
(lovernors  of  the  State  of  New  York;  eight  United  States 
Senators;  thirteen  speakers  of  the  New  York  Assembly; 
Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  and  of 
the  State  of  New  York;  twenty-three  Mayors  of  the  City  of 


62 


New  York,  Ambassadors  to  foreign  countries,  and  members 
of  Congress. 

The  following  names  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  eminence 
and  representative  character  of  the  Membership  of  the  Society: 

Deceased  Members. 


STEPHEN  ALLEN.  Grand 
Sachem,  1813-14;  Alderman, 
Mayor,  1821-22;  State  Senator; 
Member  Court  of  Errors. 

JOHN  ARMSTRONG  (1755- 
1843).  United  States  Senator 
from  New  York  1800-1802; 
1803-1804;  United  States  Min- 
ister to  France  1804-1810; 
Brigadier-General  1812;  Secre- 
tary of  War  1813-1814. 

AUGUST  BELMONT  (1816- 
1890),  Sachem.  Consul  Gen.  of 
Austria  in  New  York  1844-1850; 
Charge  d'Affaires  at  the  Hague 
1853-1855;  American  Minister 
Resident  at  the  Hague  1855- 
1858;  delegate  to  Democratic 
National  Convention  1860;  Head 
of  Democratic  organization 
1860-1872.  Banker  and  Financier. 

WALTER  BOWNE,  Grand 
Sachem  1820;  State  Senator; 
Mayor  1827-1831.  Member  of 
the  Council  of  Appointment. 

JOHN  R.  BRADY,  Judge  of  Su- 
preme Court. 

S  AX  FORD  E.  CHURCH  (1815- 
1880).  Sachem  1872-1873;  mem- 
ber of  Assembly ;  Lieutenant 
Governor ;  State  Comptroller ; 
delegate  to  Constitutional  Con- 
vention ;  Chief  Judge  of  Court  of 
Appeals. 

DE  WITT  CLINTON  (1769- 
1828),  Scribe  of  Tammany  So- 
ciety 1791-1792i  Member  of 
State  Legislature ;  United  States 
Senator ;  Mayor  of  New  York 
City ;  Governor ;  father  of  Erie 
Canal  which  he  opened  October 
26.  1826. 

GEORGE  CLINTON  (1  739- 
1812).  Sachem  1801-1802;  Mem- 
ber of  State  Assemblv  1768; 
Continental  Congress  \775-l776; 


Brigadier-General  of  Militia 
1777;  Governor  State  of  New 
York  1777-1795;  1801-1804;  dele- 
gate to  State  Convention  which 
ratified  Federal  Constitution ; 
Vice-President  of  U.  S.  1804- 
1812. 

GEORGE  CLINTON,  JR.  (1804- 

1849)  .  Sachem  1799-1800;  Mem- 
ber State  Constitutional  Con- 
vention 1801  ;  Member  of  As- 
sembly 1804-1805;  Member  of 
Congress  1805-1809. 

JOHN  COCHRANE  (Sachem 
1886-1891),  Surveyor  Port  of 
New  York  1853-1857;  Member 
of  Congresses;  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Union  Army,  1862;  Attor- 
ney-General of  New  York.  1863- 
1865,  Collector  of  Internal  Rev- 
enue New  York.  1869. 

CADWALLADER  D.  COLDEN 
(1769-1834).  Colonel  1812; 
Mavor  New  York  City  1818- 
1821;  State  Assemblv  1818; 
State  Senate  1825-1827;  Repre- 
senative  in  Congress  1821-1823. 

WILLIAM  BOURKE  COCK- 
RAN  (1854-1923).  Grand 
Sachem  ;  Delegate  to  Democratic 
State  Convention  1881  :  Speaker 
at  Democratic  National  Con- 
ventions 1884  and  1892;  Member 
of  Congress ;  Orator. 

CLARCKSON  CROLIUS  (1773- 
1843.  Grand  Sachem  1810-1811; 
Speaker  of  the  Assembly.  1825; 
Founder  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute; Major  in  the  War  of  1812; 
1811  laid  the  cornerstone  of  the 
first  Tammany  Hall. 

DAVIS  L.  MATTHEW  (1766- 

1850)  .  Grand  Sachem  1813-1815: 
Prominent  Mason,  Master  of 
Washington  Lodge :  Printer  and 
Author ;  wrote  Memoirs  of 
Aaron  Burr. 


63 


JOHN  ADAMS  DIX  (1798-1879), 
Sachem  1860-1863;  Secretary  of 
State,  New  York;  United  States 
Senator ;  Postmaster  of  New 
York;  Secretary  of  the  U.  S. 
Treasury;  Major-General  in 
Union  Army ;  United  States 
Minister  to  France;  Governor  of 
New  York;  January  29,  1861. 
sent  the  famous  message  to  Col- 
lector of  the  Port  of  New  Or- 
leans: "If  anyone  attempts  to 
haul  down  the  American  flag 
shoot  him  on  the  spot." 

PHILIP  HENRY  DUGRO, 
Grand  Sachem  1885-1886;  New 
York  Assembly  1879;  47th  Con- 
gress 1881-1883;  declined  nomi- 
nation for  New  York  City 
Comptroller  1884;  Justice  Supe- 
rior Court,  New  York.  1886- 
1896;  Supreme  Court  1896-1914. 

DANIEL  DOUGHERTY.  Law- 
yer and  Orator. 

CHARLES  P.  DALY,  Judge  of 
Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

RICHARD  B.  DAVIS,  Sachem 
1797-1800;  Poet. 

DUDLEY  FIELD  (1805-1894). 
Memher  of  Commission  on  Legal 
Practice  and  Procedure.  1847- 
1850;  Member  State  Commission 
to  prepare  penal  and  civil  code, 
1857-1865;  Member  of  Congress, 
1877. 

NICHOLAS  FISH  (1758-1833), 
Adj. -Gen.  of  N.  Y.,  1784-1793; 
Supervisor  of  U.  S.  Revenue, 
1794;  President  X.  Y.  State  So- 
cietv  of  Cincinnati.  1797-1805; 
Alderman.  1806-1817. 

SAMUEL  FRAUNCES,  Founder 
of  Fraunces'  Tavern;  Steward 
and  Chef  to  President  Washing- 
ton. 

LEONARD  GANSEVOORT 
(1751-1810).  Colonel  Light  Cav- 
alry in  the  Revolutionary  War; 
Member  Provincial  Congress, 
1775-1776;  President  of  the  Col- 
onial Executive  in  1777;  Dele- 
gate Continental  Congress,  1787- 


1788;  Member  Council  of  Ap- 
pointment of  Commercial  Con- 
vention, 1786;  State  Senate,  1871- 
1893;  State  Assembly,  1778-1779; 
Judge  of  Probate  Court,  1799. 

THOMAS  FRANCIS  GRADY 
(1853-1912),  Lawyer;  Member 
of  Assembly  ;  State  Senator ;  Po- 
lice Justice ;  Democratic  Leader 
of  the  Senate ;  Chief  Speaker  at 
Democratic  State  and  National 
Conventions. 

ANDREW  HASWELL  GREEN, 
School  Commissioner,  1848 ; 
President  Board  of  Education, 
1856 ;  Member  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  Central  Park,  1857  ; 
Comptroller  of  Central  Park, 
1859 ;  Comptroller  of  City  and 
County.  1871 ;  Father  of  Greater 
New  York. 

ABRAM  STEPHEN  HEWIT1 
(1822-1903),  Sachem,  1873-1876; 
Lawyer  and  Merchant;  Member 
of  Congress;  Mavor  of  New 
York. 

JOHN  T.  HOFFMAN  (1828- 
1888).  Grand  Sachem.  1866-1869; 
Lawyer ;  Recorder  of  the  City 
of  New  York;  Mayor  of  the 
City  of  New  York;  Governor  of 
the  State  of  New  York. 

JOSIAH  OGDEN  HOFFMAN 
(1767-1837),  Grand  Sachem. 
1791-1792;  Member  State  As- 
sembly; Attorney  -  General  of 
New  York  State ;  Recorder  of 
City  of  New  York ;  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court. 

CHARLES  G.  HALPINE.  Jour- 
nalist, Poet.  Wrote  under  the 
name  of  Miles  O'Reilly. 

JUDAH  HAMMOND.  Grand 
Sachem.  1809-1810;  wrote  Poli- 
tical History  of  New  York. 

HENRY      HILTON.  Lawyer; 

Park  Commissioner,  1780. 
DANIEL  INGRAHAM.  Judge  of 

Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

JOHN  T.  IRVING.  Judge  of 
Court  of  Common  Pleas; 
brother  of  Washington  Irving. 


64 


ANDREW  JACKSON  (1767- 
1845),  United  States  Senator; 
Major  General  in  the  War  of 
1812;  won  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans ;  President  of  the 
United  States,  1829-1837. 

RICHARD  M.  JOHNSON  (1780- 
1850),  Kentucky  Legislature 
1803;  Congress,  1807-1819;  U.  S. 
Senate,  1819-1829;  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  U.  S..  1837. 

DIXON  H.  LEWIS  (1802-1848), 
Member  of  Congress,  1829- 
1844;  U.  S.  Senator  from  Ala- 
bama, 1844-1848. 

MORGAN  LEWIS  (1754-184*), 
Lawyer;  soldier  in  Revolution; 
Member  of  State  Legislature; 
Attorney  General ;  Judge  Su- 
preme Court;  Chief  Judge; 
Governor  of  New  York ;  State 
Senator;  Major  General,  U.  S. 
Army  in  War  of  1812. 

BROCKHO'LST  LIVINGSTON, 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States,  1806-1823. 

EDWARD  LIVINGSTON  (1764- 
1836),  Lawyer;  Member  of  Con- 
gress; United  States  District 
Attorney ;  Mayor  of  New  YorK 
City  ;  Member  of-  Louisiana  State 
Legislature;  United  States  Sen- 
ator; Secretary  of  State,  U.  S. ; 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
France;  author  of  the  Louisiana 
Code. 

PETER  R.  LIVINGSTON, 
Grand  Sachem,  1795-1796;  1796- 
1797;  State  Senator;  Member  of 
Congress;  Speaker  of  the  State 
Assembly, 

LLOYD  THOMAS  (1756-1827); 
joined  Society  March  31.  1790. 
Author,  soldier,  patriot  of  the 
Revolution.  Wounded  and  taken 
prisoner  September  11.  1777,  ai 
the  Battle  of  Brandywine. 
Father  of  American  Shorthand 
Reporting.  Shorthand  reporter  of 
the  First  National  House  of 
Representative>  of  the  United 
States. 


M  ANTON  MARBLE  (1834), 
Wrote  Democratic  State  Plat- 
form, 1874;  Democratic  National 
Platform,  1876  and  1884.  Spe- 
cial envoy  to  governments  of 
Great  Britain,  France  and  Ger- 
many, 1885. 

SAMUEL  L.  MITCHILL  (1764- 
1831),  Member  State  Assembly, 
1791-1798;  Member  of  Congress, 
1801-1804;  1809-1813;  United 
States  Senator,  1804-1809;  Pro 
fessor  of  Chemistry,  Columbia 
College ;  author  and  lecturer, 
practicing  physician. 

JACOB  MORTON  (1761-1836), 
Delegate  to  Second  New  York 
Provincial  Congress ;  Comman- 
der of  Morton's  Brigade;  Hon- 
orary Member  of  New  York 
State  Society  of  Cincinnati  in 
1794;  Brigadier  General  in  the 
War  of  1812;  Member  of  As- 
sembly; Alderman;  Comptroller; 
City  Inspector ;  Clerk  of  Com- 
mon Council.  Called  "The  Little 
God  of  War." 

HERCULES  MULLIGAN, 
Joined  Society  November  16, 
1789;  Patriot  of  the  Revolution; 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Sons 
of  Liberty"  and  induced  Alex- 
ander Hamilton  to  become  a 
Liberty  Boy ;  Member  of  the 
New  York  Revolutionary  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence.  May 
1.  1775:  Member  of  the  Provi- 
sional War  Committee  or  Com- 
mitter of  Resistance  of  100  of 
the  City  of  New  York;  July  9. 
1 776.  led  in  the  destruction  of 
the  statue  of  the  English  King 
at  Bowling  Green ;  as  "Confiden- 
cial  Correspondent"  to  General 
Washington  was  practically 
Chief  of  the  Militarv  Intelligence 
Bureau  during  the  Revolution. 

CHARLES  FRANCIS  MUR- 
PHY. Sachem.  1898-1924.  Dock 
Commissioner  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  1898-1902;  Leader  of 
Tammany  Hall  from  1902  to 
1924. 


65 


CHARLES  O'CONOR  (1804- 
1884),  noted  Lawyer;  Senior 
Counsel  for  Jefferson  Davis  after 
Civil  War. 

WHEELER  H.  PECKHAM 
(1833-1905),  Constitutional  Law- 
yer ;  nominated  for  United  States 
Supreme  Court  by  President 
Cleveland;  nomination  rejected 
by  the  Senate  who  later  con- 
firmed the  appointment  of  his 
brother,  Rufus  W.  Peckham,  as 
United  States  Supreme  Court 
Judge. 

EDWARDS  PIERREPONT 
(1817-1892),  Sachem,  1867-1868; 
Lawyer;  Justice  Superior  Court 
of  New  York  City;  United 
States  Attorney  for  the  South- 
ern District  of  New  York ; 
United  States  Attorney-General ; 
Minister  to  Great  Britain. 

JOHN  PINTARD  (1759-1844), 
Sagamore,  1790-1791 ;  Sachem, 
1791-1792;  Philanthropist;  father 
of  historical  societies  in  Amer- 
ica ;  served  in  American  Army 
when  British  occupied  New 
York ;  founder  of  American  or 
Tammany  Museum,  the  first 
museum  in  New  York ;  organ- 
ized the  first  savings  bank  in 
New  York. 

ZEPHANIAH  PLATT  (1740- 
1807),  Delegate  to  Continental 
Congress,  1784-  1786;  District 
Judge  for  several  yars. 

LUCIUS  ROBINSON  (1810- 
1891),  Lawyer;  Master  of  Chan- 
cery of  New  York  City ;  Member 
of  Assembly  ;  State  Comptroller  ; 
Governor  of  the  State  of  New 
York. 

JOHN  R.  B.  RODGERS  (1753- 
1833),  Grand  Sachem,  1792-1793; 
son  of  Rev.  John  Rodgers,  D.D. 
(the  first  American  Doctor  of 
Divinity),  the  friend  and  Chap- 
lain of  Washington ;  Chairman 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
American  Museum,  1791-1793; 
as  Surgeon  on  the  Medical  Staff, 
suffered  with  General  Washing- 


ton the  privations  of  the  Ameri- 
can Army  at  Valley  Forge ;  Pro- 
fessor of  Obstetrics  in  Colum- 
bia College,  as  a  teacher,  writer 
and  a  practitioner  won  distinction 
in  the  medical  profession. 

HENRY  RUTGERS  (1745- 
1830),  the  most  liberal  philan- 
thropist of  his  age,  contributing 
largely  to  aid  religious  and  edu- 
cational enterprises ;  ardent  sup- 
porter of  the  war  of  1812;  Mem- 
ber of  Assembly,  1784,  1801, 
1802,  1807;  contributed  and  as- 
sisted in  raising  funds  to  build 
Tammany  Hall;  Regent  of  the 
University  of  the  State  of  New 
York  from  1802-1826,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Public  School  So- 
ciety in  New  York  City. 

NATHAN  SANFORD  (1777- 
1838),  Sachem  1802-1803;  Law- 
yer; United  States  Commissioner 
in  Bankruptcy ;  United  States 
Attorney  for  New  York;  Assem- 
blyman ;  State  Senator ;  United 
States  Senator ;  Delegate  consti- 
tutional Convention ;  Chancellor 
of  New  York. 

JOSHUA  SANDS  (1758-1835); 
State  Senator  1792-1799;  Col- 
lector of  Customs  Port  of  New 
York  1797;  Member  of  Congress. 

HORATIO  SEYMOUR  Sachem 
1872-1873;  Military  Assem- 
blyman ;  Speaker  of  Assembly ; 
Governor  of  New  York ;  Demo- 
cratic Candidate  for  President 
1868. 

JOHN  SMITH  (1755-1  8  1  6); 
Member  State  Assembly  1784- 
1799;  Delegate  in  Convention 
which  adopted  Federal  Consti- 
tution 1788;  Member  Congresses; 
United  States  Senator  1804- 
1813 ;  United  States  Marshal, 
District  of  New  York  1813-1816. 

MELANCTON  SMITH  (  1  724- 
1798)  ;  Sachem  1791-1792;  Mem- 
ber of  First  Provincial  Con- 
gress; Member  Continental  Con- 
gress; Prominent  Anti-Federal- 
ist Lender. 


66 


THOMAS  F.  SMITH,  Member 
of  Congress ;  Public  Administra- 
tor New  York  County;  Secre- 
tary of  Tammany  Hall  for 
twenty-five  years. 

DR.  WILLIAM  PITT  SMITH 
(1760-1796);  Grand  Sachem 
1790-1791;  1793-1794;  Trustee 
and  Treasurer  of  the  American 
Museum  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Tammany  Society  1792; 
served  in  the  Hospital  Depart- 
ment of  the  Continental  Army  in 
the  Revolution ;  Member  of  the 
New  York  Assembly  1792; 
Health  Officer  of  the  Port; 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  in 
the  Columbia  College;  Orator 
and  Poet ;  wrote  numerous 
pamphlets  against  slavery; 
known  as  ''the  Classical  Dr. 
Smith." 

AUGUSTUS  SCHELL,  Grand 
Sachem  1872-1883;  Lawyer; 
President  of  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society. 

FRANCIS  LYNDE  STETSON, 
Lawyer ;  Partner  of  Grover 
Cleveland. 

SAMUEL  JONES  TIED  EN 
(1814-1886);  Sachem  1857-1858; 
1872-1875;  Lawyer;  Member 
of  State  Assembly ;  Member  of 
Constitutional  Convention; 
Founder  of  New  York  State  Bar 
Association ;  Governor ;  nomi- 
nated for  President  of  the  U.  S. 
in  1876  and  obtained  a  majority 
of  popular  vote  but  was  declared 
defeated  by  an  electoral  com- 
mission. 

DANIEL  D.  TOMPKTNS  (1774- 
1825).  Sachem.  1822-1823;  Law- 
yer; Presiding  Officer  at  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1821  ; 
Member  of  Congress ;  Member 
of  Assemblv ;  Tustice  Supreme 
Court:  Governor  1807-1817; 
Vice-President  of  the  United 
States  1817-1825. 

JOHN  VAN  BUREN  (1810- 
1866) ,  Son  of  Martin  Van  Buren ; 


Lawyer;  Attache  of  Legation  at 
London ;  Attorney  General  State 
of  New  York;  took  active  part 
in  the.  Political  Canvass  for  the 
Exclusion  of  Slavery ;  known  as 
Prince  John. 

PHILIP  VAN  CO'RTLANDT 
(1749-1831),  Brigadier  General 
Revolutionary  War ;  Delegate  to 
State  Convention,  1788;  Member 
State  Assembly,  1788-1790  ;  State 
Senator,  1791-1793;  Member  of 
Congress,  1793-1809. 

STEPHEN  VAN  RENSSELAER 
(1765-1839),  Member  of  As- 
sembly; State  Senator;  Lieu- 
tenant Governor;  Major  General 
of  Volunteers  in  War  of  1812; 
Member  of  Canal  Commission 
and  its  President ;  Member  State 
Constitutional  Convention  ; 
Member  of  Congress. 

ROBERT  A.  VAN  WYCK  (1849- 
1918),  Lawyer;  Judge  of  the 
City  Court  of  New  York;  first 
Mayor  of  Greater  New  York; 
founder  of  the  Holland  Society 
of  New  York  City. 

CHAS.  H.  VAN  BRUNT,  Justice 
of  the  Appellate  Division. 

PETER  H.  WENDOVER,  Sa,,i- 
em,  1801-1802;  Sheriff  of  New 
York  County;  Member  of  Con- 
gress ;  sponsored  the  bill  in  Con- 
gress in  1816  that  fixed  the 
present  form  of  the  American 
flag. 

WILLIAM  C.  WHITNEY  (1841- 
1904),  Corporation  Counsel,  1875- 
1882;  Secretary  of  Navy,  1885- 
1889;  Manager  of  Democratic 
Presidential  Campaigns,  1884 
and  1892. 

LEVI  WOODBURY  (1789-1851), 
Governor  of  New  Hampshire ; 
U.  S.  Senator ;  Secretary  of  the 
Navy;  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury; Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  U.  S. 


67 


GEORGE  CLINTON 
First  Governor  of  New  York  and  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States  in  1809 
Sachem  of  the  Tammany  Society,  1801-1802 


Present  Members. 


William  Allen, 
Lawyer  and   Chairman  of  the 
Executive  Committee. 

Joab  H.  Banton, 
District  Attorney. 

Manuel  Block, 

Leader  of  the  Assembly. 

Maurice  Blumenthal, 
Lawyer. 

William  P.  Burr, 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

John  F.  Curry, 

District  Leader ;  Commisisoner 
of  Records. 

Thomas  W.  Churchill, 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Daniel  F.  Cohalan, 

Former  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

Salvatore  Cotillo, 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Charles  W.  Culkin, 

District  Leader ;  Merchant. 

Dr.  Thomas  Darlington, 

Former  Health  Commissioner. 

Joseph  P.  Day, 
Auctioneer. 

John  H.  Delaney, 
Dock  Commissioner. 

Peter  Doelger, 
Merchant. 

Geo.  L.  Donellan, 

District  Leader ;  Lawyer. 

Charles  D.  Donohue, 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Philip  F.  Donohue. 

Commissioner  Board  of  Water 
Supply. 

Jerome  F.  Donovan, 

Former  Member  of  Congress. 
P'eter  J.  Dooling, 

Sheriff. 
Victor  J.  Dowling, 

Justice  of  the  Appellate  Division. 


Charles  J.  Dieges, 
Merchant. 

Terence  Farley, 
Legal  Adviser  to  Gov.  Smith. 

Maurice  Featherson, 

Former  Commissioner  of  Water, 
Gas  and  Electricity. 

Thomas  L.  Feitner, 

Former  Tax  Commissioner. 

Edward  J.  Flynn, 
Sheriff  of  The  Bronx. 

James  A.  Foley, 
Surrogate. 

Thomas  F.  Foley, 

District  Leader;  former  Sheriff. 

Charles  V.  Fornes, 

Former  President  of  Board  of 
Aldermen ;  Merchant. 

John  F.  Galvin, 

Manufacturer;  former  Chairman 
of  Board  of  Water  Supply. 

James  W.  Gerard, 

Former  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court ;  Ambassador  to  Germany. 

Leonard  A.  Giegerich, 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

John  F.  Gilchrist, 

State  Tax  Commissioner. 

Fk  \  .\k  J.  Goodwin, 
District  Leader ;  Clerk  of  City 
Court. 

William  F.  Grell, 
Former  Sheriff. 

Charles  L.  Guy, 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Louis  F.  Haffen, 

Engineer;  former  President  of 
the  Borough  of  The  Bronx. 

Gen.  Henry  De  Witt  Hamilton. 
James  A.  Hamilton, 

Secretary  of  State  of  New  York. 
Ernest  L.  Hammer, 

Public  Administrator  of  Bronx 
County. 


69 


Moses  Hermann, 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  Special 
Session.^ 
James  J.  Hoey, 

Insurance  Broker;  former  mem- 
ber of  Assembly. 
Willis  Holly, 

Secretary  of  Tammany  Society. 
Daniel  H.  Knott, 

Former   Sheriff;    Chairman  of 
County  Committee. 
Edward  B.  LaFetra, 

Justice  of  the  City  Court. 
Franklin  Deonard,  Jr., 

Lawyer. 
George  W.  Loft, 

Merchant. 
Robert  L.  Luce, 
Former  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 
Richard  P.  Lydon, 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
John  V.  McAvoy, 

Justice  of  the  Appellate  Division. 
Martin  McCue, 

District   Leader;   former  State 
Senator. 
George  B.  McClellan, 

Former    Mayor;    Professor  ai 
Princeton  University. 
John  F.  McIntyre, 

Judge  of  Court  of  General  Ses- 
sions. 

Jeremiah  T.  Mahoney, 

Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
Francis  X.  Mancuso, 
Judge  of  the  Court  of  General 
Sessions. 
Joseph  E.  Newburger, 

Former  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court;  Official  Referee. 
Lewis  Nixon, 
Ship  Builder ;  former  Leader  of 
Tammany  Hall. 
John  P.  O'Brien, 

Surrogate. 
Morgan  J.  O'Brien, 

Former  Presiding  Justice  of  tne 
Appellate  Division. 
James  A.  O'Gorman, 

Former  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court;  U.  S.  Senator. 


M.  Warley  Platzek, 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
Dr.  E.  S.  Potter, 

Jacob  Ruppert, 
Merchant. 

Daniel  L.  Ryan, 

Secretary  of  Tammany  Hall. 

John  Godfrey  Saxe, 

Former  State  Senator. 
Thomas  I.  Sheridan, 

State  Senator. 
Alfred  E.  Smith, 

Governor. 
W  illiam  Sohmer, 

Merchant;  former  State  Comp- 
troller. 
Adolph  Sonnenthal, 

Banker. 
Nathan  Straus, 

Philanthropist. 
Alfred  J.  T alley. 

Judge  of  the  Court  of  General 
Sessions. 
John  M.  Tierney, 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
Samuel  Untermeyer, 

Lawyer. 
John  R.  Voorhis, 

Elections  Commissioner ;  Grand 
Sachem. 
Robert  F.  Wagner, 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
James  Garrett  Wallace, 

Assistant  District  Attorney. 
John  L.  Walsh, 

Justice  of  the  City  Court. 
Grover  A.  Whalen, 

Commissioner    of     Plant  and 
Structures. 
Patrick  A.  Whitney, 

Deputy  Comptroller. 
E.  G.  Whittaker, 

Former  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 
Thomas  A.  Williams, 

District  Leader;  Contractor. 
I.  Maurice  Wormser, 

Editor  of  the  Law  Journal. 
Lorenz  Zeller, 

Former    Justice    of    the  City 
Court;  Official  Referee. 


70 


Distinguished  Members  of  the  Sister  Branches  of  the 
New  York  Tammany  Society. 


HENRY  CLAY. 

(1777-1852)  member  of  the 
Tammany  Society,  Lexington, 
Ky. ;  member  of  Congress,  U.  S. 
Senator ;  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Representatives ;  Secretary  of 
State  of  U.  S. ;  twice  candidate 
for  President. 

WILLIAM  DUANE. 

(1760-1835)  Sachem  of  the 
Phila.  Tammany  Society;  Journ- 
alist and  author;  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Democratic 
party;  Editor  of  the  "Aurora" 
at   Phila.,  1796-1822. 

MICHAEL  LEIB. 

1760-1822)  Grand  Sachem  of 
the  Phila.  Tammany  Society ; 
practicing  physician;  member  of 
Congress,  U.  S.  Senator;  Post- 
Master  of  Phila. 

Thomas  Mckean. 

(1734-1817)  Sachem  of  the 
Phila.  Tammany  Society;  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congress ; 
Chief  Justice  of  Penna. ;  Patriot 
of  the  Revolution  ;  Governor  of 
Penna. 

WILLIAM  L.  MARCY. 

(1786-1857)  Member  of  the 
Tammany  Society,  Troy,  N.  Y. ; 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
N.  Y. ;  U.  S.  Senator;  Gov- 
ernor of  New  York;  Secretary 
of  War;  Secretary  of  State  of 
U.  S. 

EDWARD  TIFFIN. 

(1766-1829)  Grand  Sachem, 
Tammany    Society,  Chillicothe, 


Ohio;  Methodist  preacher  and 
practicing  physician;  first  Gov- 
ernor of  Ohio;  U.  S.  Senator; 
Speaker  of  the  Ohio  State 
Assembly. 

BENJAMIN  F.  THOMPSON. 
Grand  Sachem  of  the  Brook- 
haven,   Long   Island  Tammany 
Society,     1810;     Historian  of 
Long  Island. 

SILAS  WRIGHT. 

(1795-1847)  Member  of  the 
Tammany  Society,  Troy,  N.  Y. ; 
member  of  Congress ;  U.  S. 
Senator;  Comptroller  of  N.  Y. ; 
Governor  of  New  York. 

HENRY  WHEATON. 

Member  of  the  Tammany 
Society,  Providence,  R.  I. ;  edi- 
tor of  the  National  Advocate, 
New  York,  1812;  reporter  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  U.  S. ; 
Justice  of  the  Marine  Court  of 
the  City  of  New  York  ;  law  part- 
ner of  Daniel  Webster  ;  renowned 
authority  on  international  law ; 
professor  of  international  law, 
Harvard  University;  U.  S.  Min- 
ister to  Denmark  and  to  Prussia. 

JOHN  E.  WOOL. 

(1784-1869)  Member  of  Tam- 
many Societv,  Troy,  N.  Y. :  Lt.- 
Colonel  in  War  of  1812;  Briga- 
dier-General in  the  Mexican 
War;  decorated  by  Congress  for 
gallantry  at  the  Battle  of  Buena 
Vista;  Major-General  in  the 
Civil  War. 


71 


Aid,  to  the  Distressed 


For  a  Century  and  a  Quarter  Tammany  has  Never  Failed 
a  Call  of  the  Suffering  and  the  Needy  Whether 
at  Home  or  Across  the  Seas. 

From  an  early  date  it  aided  imprisoned  debtors. 
1801.   Aided  the  sufferers  during  the  yellow  fever  epidemic. 
1835.   Fed  and  clothed  the  victims  of  the  great  fire  of  1835. 
1837.   Fed  and  clothed  the  needy  in  the  panic  of  1837. 
1857.  Aided  the  poor  in  the  panic  of  1857. 

1861-1865.   Aided  the  families  of  the  soldiers  that  fell  in  the 
Civil  War. 

1873.   Aided  the  poor  in  the  hard  times  following  the  reaction 

of  the  Civil  War. 
1888.   Aided  the  sick  and  poor  in  the  Blizzard  of  1888. 
1893.   Aided  the  poor  during  the  Winter  of  1893. 
1898.    Aided  poor  during  the  Winter  of  1898. 

Contributed  to  : — 

Johnstown  Flood  sufferers. 

San  Francisco  Earthquake  sufferers. 

Galveston  Flood  sufferers. 

Messina  Earthquake  sufferers. 

Japan's  Earthquake  sufferers. 

Kishenef  Massacre  victims. 

Slocum  disaster  sufferers. 

Cuban  Freedom  Fund. 

Charles  Stewart  Parnell  Homestead  Fund. 

The  Roosevelt  Memorial. 

The  Wilson  Memorial. 

Irish  Republic  Bond  Issue. 

Tammany  Hall  is  not  merely  a  political  organization.  It  is 
also  a  social,  fraternal  and  welfare  association  and  a  companion, 
friend  and  adviser  to  the  voter.  Each  leader  knows  his  dis- 
trict thoroughly  and  is  in  close  association  with  the  citizens,  the 

72 


families  and  homes ;  he  keeps  an  amazing  knowledge  of  the 
residents,  their  habits,  needs,  desires  and  pursuits.  Employ- 
ment is  procured  for  the  idle,  aid  distributed  to  the  needy,  the 
sick  are  comforted,  and  the  unfortunates  are  befriended.  The 
organization  is  daily  a  fountain  of  benefits  to  the  needy  and 
the  helpless.  This  social  service  is  tersely  described  in  the 
following  words  by  Charles  A.  Beard,  the  leading  authority 
and  writer  on  Political  Science  in  the  United  States,  and  the 
present  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Municipal  Research,  a  strict 
critic  of  Tammany  Hall  in  New  York: 

Tammany  is  our  greatest  social  service  agency  and  it  holds  its 
power  because  it  understands  sympathetically  the  needs  and  trials  of 
the  masses.  Its  leaders  visit  these  who  are  sick  and  in  distress. 
*  *■  *  They  give  drink  to  those  who  are  athirst  and  bread  to  those 
who  are  hungry.  Tammany  asks  no  questions  and  fills  out  no  pink 
and  green  cards.  Its  office  hours  are  not  from  ten  to  four  but 
continuous.  *  *  *  Its  virtue  is  its  humanity,  its  understanding 
of  the  human  needs  of  the  common  man.  *  *  *  Under  two 
Tammany  Mayors  the  Health  Department  of  the  City  of  New 
York  was  transferred  into  the  greatest  single  public  service  of  its 
kind  in  the  world. 


73 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  1868 
HELD  IN  TAMMANY  HALL 


The  Democratic  Convention  of  1868  met  at  New  York,  July 
4-11,  with  ex-Governor  Horatio  Seymour  (N.  Y.)  as  Chair- 
man, and  on  the  twenty-second  ballot  nominated  Horatio  Sey- 
mour for  President.  The  other  principal  candidates  were :  ex- 
Congressman  George  H.  Pendleton  (Ohio),  who  stood  for  the 
Greenback  element  in  the  party ;  President  Andrew  Johnson, 
Gen.  Winfield  S.  Hancock  (Pa.),  ex-State  Comptroller  San- 
ford  E.  Church  (N.  Y.),  ex-Congressman  Asa  Packer  (Pa.), 
ex-Governor  Joel  Parker  (N.  J.),  Governor  James  E.  English 
(Conn.),  and  U.  S.  Senator  James  R.  Doolittle  (Wis.).  The 
nomination  for  Vice  President  went,  on  the  first  ballot,  to 
ex-Congressman  Francis  P.  Blair,  Jr.  (Mo.). 

The  Democratic  platform  demanded  :  Immediate  restoration 
of  all  the  States  to  their  rights;  amnesty  for  past  political 
offenses;  payment  of  the  public  debt;  equal  taxation;  a  single 
currency;  Government  economy  and  abolition  of  the  Freed- 
men's  Bureau;  protection  to  naturalized  citizens.  The  plat- 
form denounced  Andrew  Johnson. 


Rep. 

Dem. 

State 

Grant, 

Seymour, 

Alabama 

76,366 

72,088 

Arkansas 

22,112 

19,078 

California 

54,583 

54,077 

Connecticut 

50,788 

47.844 

Delaware 

7,614 

10,957 

Florida 

Georgia 

57,134 

102,722 

Illinois 

250.293 

199,143 

Indiana 

176,552 

166,980 

Iowa 

120.399 

74,040 

Kansas 

30,028 

13,620 

Kentucky 

39,566 

115,890 

Louisiana 

33,263 

88,225 

Maine 

70,493 

42,460 

Maryland 

30,438 

62,537 

Massachusetts 

136,477 

59,408 

Michigan 

113,229 

82,364 

Minnesota 

43,722 

28,096 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

86,860 

65,628 

Rep. 

Dem. 

State 

Grant, 

Seymour, 

Nebraska 

9,729 

5,439 

Nevada 

6,480 

5,218 

New  Hampshire 

37.718 

30.575 

New  Jersey 

80,131 

83.001 

New  York 

419,883 

429,883 

North  Carolina 

96,769 

84,601 

Ohio 

280.167 

238,621 

Oregon 

10,961 

11,125 

Pennsylvania 

342,280 

313.382 

Rhode  Island 

12,993 

6,548 

South  Carolina 

62,301 

45,237 

Tennessee 

56,628 

26,129 

Texas 

Vermont 

44,167 

12,045 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

28.638 

19,982 

Wisconsin 

108,857 

84.710 

Total   3,015,071 

2,709,615 

74 


Interior  of  Tammany  Hall  During  t 


ional  Democratic  Convention  of  1868 


I 


K[ational  Democratic  Conventions 


1832— Baltimore,  May  21.  Nominated  for  President,  Andrew  Jackson; 
Vice  President,  Martin  Van  Buren.  (Elected.) 

1836 — Baltimore,  May  20.  Nominated  for  President,  by  acclamation. 
Martin  Van  Buren;  Vice  President,  Richard  M.  Johnson. 
(Elected.) 

1840 — Baltimore,  May  5.  Nominated  for  President,  unanimously,  Mar- 
tin Van  Buren;  Vice  President,  Richard  M.  Johnson.  (Defeated.) 

1844— Baltimore,  May  27-29.  Nominated  for  President,  ninth  ballot. 
James  K.  Polk;  Vice  President,  George  M.  Dallas.  (Elected.) 

1848— Baltimore,  May  22-26.  Nominated  for  President,  fourth  ballot. 
Lewis  Cass;  Vice  President,  second  ballot,  William  O.  Butler. 
(Defeated.) 

1852— Baltimore,  June  1-6.  Nominated  for  President,  forty-ninth  ballot. 
Franklin  Pierce;  Vice  President,  second  ballot,  William  Rufus 
King.  (Elected.) 

1856 — Cincinnati,  June  2-6.  Nominated  for  President,  first  ballot,  James 
Buchanan  ;  Vice  President,  second  ballot,  John  C.  Breckenridge. 
(Elected.) 

1860 — Charleston,  April  23.  Nominated  for  President,  second  ballot. 
Stephen  A.  Douglas;  Vice  President,  H.  V.  Johnson.  (Defeated.) 

1864 — Chicago.  August  29.  Nominated  for  President,  first  ballot,  George 
B.  McClellan ;  Vice  President,  second  ballot,  George  H.  Pendle- 
ton. (Defeated.) 

1868 — New  York,  July  4-11.  Nominated  for  President,  twenty-second 
ballot,  Horatio  Sevmour ;  Vice  President,  first  ballot,  Francis  P. 
Blair.  (Defeated.) 

1872 — Baltimore.  July  9.  Nominated  for  Proident.  Horace  Greeley ; 
Vice  President,  Benjamin  Gratz  Brown.  (Defeated.) 

1876 — St.  Louis,  June  27-29.  Nominated  for  President,  second  ballot, 
Samuel  J.  Tilden ;  Vice  President,  first  ballot,  Thomas  A.  Hen- 
dricks. (Defeated.) 

1880 — Cincinnati,  June  22-24.  Nominated  for  President,  second  ballot. 
WTinfield  Scott  Hancock ;  Vice  President.  William  H.  English. 
(Defeated.) 

1884 — Chicago,  June  8-11.  Nominated  for  President,  second  ballot, 
Grover  Cleveland  ;  Vice  President,  first  ballot,  Thomas  A.  Hen- 
dricks. (Elected.) 

1888 — St.  Louis,  June  5.    Nominated  for  President,  by  acclamation, 

Grover  Cleveland ;  Vice  President,  first  ballot.  Allen  G.  Thur- 

man.  (Defeated.) 
1892 — Chicago.  June  21.    Nominated  for  President,  first  ballot.  Grover 

Cleveland;    Vice   President,   first   ballot.   Adlai    E.  Stevenson. 

(Elected.) 

1896 — Chicago.  July  7.  Nominated  for  President,  fifth  ballot.  William 
Jennings  Brvan ;  Vice  President,  fifth  ballot.  Arthur  Sewall 
(Defeated.) 


77 


1900 — Kansas  City,  July  4.  Nominated  for  President,  unanimously, 
William  Jennings  Bryan;  Vice  President,  first  ballot,  Adlai  E. 
Stevenson.  (Defeated.) 

1904 — St.  Louis,  July  7.  Nominated  for  President,  first  ballot,  Alton  B. 
Parker;  Vice  President,  Henry  G.  Davis.  (Defeated.) 

1908 — Denver,  July  7.  Nominated  for  President,  first  ballot,  William  J. 
Bryan;  Vice  President,  unanimously,  John  W.  Kern.  (Defeated.) 

1912 — Baltimore,  June  25.  Nominated  for  President,  forty-sixth  ballot, 
Woodrow  Wilson ;  Vice  President,  Thomas  R.  Marshall. 
(Elected.) 

1916 — St.  Louis,  June  14.  Nominated  for  President,  by  acclamation, 
Woodrow  Wilson ;  Vice  President,  by  acclamation,  Thomas  R. 
Marshall.  (Elected.) 

1920 — San  Francisco,  June  28.  Nominated  for  President,  forty-fourth 
ballot,  James  M.  Cox ;  Vice  President,  by  acclamation,  Franklin 
D.  Roosevelt.    ( Defeated.) 


78 


Electoral  Votes  for  President,  i8q2'IQ20, 
By  Parties  and  States 


1892. 


1896.  1900. 


1904. 


1912. 


1916. 


1920. 


Alabama  .... 

Arizona   

Arkansas   

California 

Colorado   

Connecticut  . 

Delaware   

Florida   

Georgia   

Idaho   

Illinois;   , 

Indiana   

Iowa   

Kansas   

Kentucky   

Louisiana  ... 

Maine   

Maryland   

Massachusetts 

Michigan   

Minnesota    . . . 
Mississippi 

Missouri   

Montana   

Nebraska  ... 

Nevada   

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey  ... 
New  Mexico  . . 

New  York   

North  Carolina 
North  Dakota 

Ohio   

Oklahoma   

Oregon   

Pennsylvania  . 
Rhode  Island  . 
South  Carolina 
South  Dakota 

Tennessee   

Texas   

Utah   

Vermont   

Virginia   

Washington  ... 
West  Virginia 

Wisconsin   

Wyoming   


1  8 

.'  6 

.  3 

.  4 

.  13 

'.  24 

.  15 


10 


22  1 


/Z1 

r  

r 

1 1  It 

.  K. 

D. 

K . 

1 >. 

R . 

D. 

K. 

D. 

K  . 

D. 

K . 

D. 

Iota 

11 

1 1 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

3 

3 

"3 

3 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

'9 

9 

1 

"9 

10 

16 

2 

13 

13 

13 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

'7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

*5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 

14 

14 

14 

3 

3 

3 

'3 

4 

4 

"4 

4 

24 

27 

27 

29 

29 

29 

29 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

IS 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

io 

10 

10 

1C 

10 

io 

10 

10 

1 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

i3 

13 

8 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

8 

1 

"7 

2 

6 

8 

8 

8 

g 

15 

16 

16 

18 

is 

18 

18 

14 

14 

14 

15 

IS 

15 

15 

9 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

io 

10 

17 

17 

is 

is 

18 

18 

18 

18 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

g 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

10 

12 

12 

1  } 

14 

14 

14 

3 

*3 

3 

3 

36 

39 

39 

45 

45 

45 

45 

i2 

12 

ii 

i2 

12 

*3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

*5 

5 

23 

23 

23 

24 

24 

24 

24 

10 

10 

10 

10 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

32 

34 

34 

38 

38 

38 

38 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

*9 

'9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

*4 

*4 

4 

'5 

'5 

5 

12 

U 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

15 

15 

18 

18 

20 

20 

26 

20 

3 

3 

'3 

*3 

"a 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

■4 

4 

4 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

4 

*4 

'5 

*5 

7 

'7 

7 

6 

7 

7 

8 

7 

1 

8 

8 

12 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

*3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

"3 

3 

3 

Total   145  277   22  271  176  292  155  336  140  321  162     8  435 


254  277  404  127  531 


Plurality   132    ..    95    ..137    ..196    ..159    ..    ..347    ..    ..    23  277    ..  .. 

Arizona  became  a  State  February  14,  1912.    New  Mexico  was  admitted  January  6,  1912. 


79 


The  1924  (Democratic  l^ational  Convention 


The  representation  of  the  States  and  Territories  in  the  1924 
Democratic  National  Convention  is  the  same  as  in  that  of  1920, 
except  that  the  Canal  Zone  has  six  delegates  instead  of  two. 
and  is  as  follows : 


Votes  necessary  to  nominate  under  the  two-thirds  rule — 732. 


State. 
Alabama  .... 

Arizona  

Arkansas  .... 
California  ..  . 
Colorado  .... 
Connecticut  .. 
Delaware  .... 

Florida  

Georgia  

Idaho   

Illinois  

Indiana  

Iowa   

Kansas   

Kentucky  .  .  . 
Louisiana  .  .  . 

Maine   

Maryland  .  .  . 
Massachusetts 


Michigan   30 

Minnesota   24 

Mississippi   20 

Missouri   36 

Montana   8 

Nebraska   16 

Nevada   6 

New  Hampshire   8 

New  Jersey   28 


Dele- 
gates. State. 

24     New  Mexico  

6     New  York   

18     North  Carolina  

26     North  Dakota  

12  Ohio   

14  Oklahoma  

6    Oregon  , 

12  Pennsylvania   

28     Rhode  Island  

8     South  Carolina  

58     South  Dakota  

30    Tennessee   , 

26  Texas   

20  Utah   

26  Vermont   

20  Virginia   

12  Washington   

16     West  Virginia  

36  Wisconsin  

Wyoming  

Alaska  

District  of  Columbia 

Hawaii   

Philippines  

Porto  Rico  

Canal  Zone  


Total 


Dele- 
gates 
6 
90 
24 
10 
48 
20 
10 
76 
10 
18 
10 
24 
40 
8 
8 
24 
14 
16 
26 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

1,098 


80 


Democratic  l^lational  Qommittee 
1924 


General  Officers 

Cordell  Hull  Chairman 

Charles  A.  Greathousc  Secretary 

George  F.  Mara  Assistant  to  the  Chairman 

J.  Bruce  Kremer  Vice-Chairman 

Samuel  B.  Amidon  Vice-Chairman 

Mrs.  Emily  Newell  Blair  Vice-Chairman 

Richard  Linthicum  Director  of  Publicity 

Burt  New  Executive  Secretary 

National  Committee  men  National  Committccwomcn 
ALABAMA — 

Walter  Moore,  Mrs.  John  I).  McXeel, 

Birmingham  Birmingham 
ARIZONA— 

W.  L.  Barnuoi,  Mrs.  B.  J.  McKinney, 

Phoenix  Tucson 
ARKANSAS— 

Vincent  M.  Miles,  Mrs.  James  D.  Head, 

Fort  Smith  Texarkana 
CALIFORNIA— 

Isidore  B.  DockwHer,  Mrs.  Charles  L.  Donohue, 

Los  Angeles'  Oakland 
COLORADO— 

Miles  G.  Saunders,  Mrs.  Gertrude  A.  Lee, 

Pueblo  Denver 
CONNECTICUT— 

Homer  S.  Cummings,  Miss  Caroline  Ruutz-Rees, 

Stamford  Greenwich 
DELAWARE— 

Andrew  C.  Gray,  Miss  Lena  Evans, 

Wilmington  Newark 
FLORIDA— 

J.  T.  G.  Crawford  Mrs.  Lois  K.  Mayes, 

Jacksonville  Pensacola 
GEORGIA— 

Clark  Howell,  Mrs.  F.  I.  Mclntire, 

Atlanta  Savannah 
IDAHO— 

Robert  H.  Elder  Teresa  M.  Graham, 

Coeur  d'Alene  Coeur  d'Alene 
ILLINOIS— 

Charles  Boeschenstein,  Mrs.  A.  L.  Smith. 

Edwardsville  Chicago 

81 


National  Committeemen 
INDIANA— 

Charles  A.  Greathouse, 
Indianapolis 

IOWA— 

Wilbur  W.  Marsh, 
Waterloo 

KANSAS— 

Samuel  H.  Amidon, 
Wichita 

KENTUCKY— 

Johnson  N.  Camden, 
Versailles 

LOUISIANA  (PROXY)  — 

Samuel  B.  Hicks,  Shreveport 

(Frank  J.  Looney,  Shreveport) 
MAINE— 

D.  J.  McGillicuddy. 

Lewiston 
MARYLAND— 

John  W.  Smith, 

Snow  Hill 
MASSACHUSETTS— 

Edward  W.  Quinn, 

Cambridge 
MICHIGAN— 

Judge  William  F.  Connelly, 

Detroit 
MINNESOTA— 

Howard  Everett, 

St.  Paul 
MISSISSIPPI— 

Oscar  G.  Johnson, 

St.  Louis 
MONTANA— 

J.  Bruce  Kremer, 

Butte 
NEBRASKA— 

W.  H.  Thompson, 

Grand  Island 
NEVADA— 

Samuel  Pickett, 

Reno 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE— 

Robert  C.  Murchie. 

Concord 
NEW  JERSEY— 

Frank  Hague, 

Jersey  City 
NEW  MEXICO— 

Arthur  Seligman, 

Santa  Fe 


National   Commit  tecwomen 

Mrs.  Bessie  L.  Riggs, 
Sullivan 

Miss  A.  B.  Lawther, 
Dubuque 

Mrs.  Florence  G.  Farley, 
Wichita 

Mrs.  J.  C.  Cantrill, 
Georgetown 

Mrs.  J.  E.  Friend, 
New  Orleans 

Mrs.  Gertrude  M.  Pattangall, 
Augusta 

Mrs.  Julia  Hamilton  Briscoe. 
Hagerstown 

Mrs.  M.  F.  Sullivan, 
Fall  River 

Mrs.  L.  C.  Boltwood, 
Grand  Rapids 

Mrs.  Peter  Olesen, 
Northfield 

Mrs.  Emily  Newell  Blair, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Mrs.  R.  R.  Purcell, 
Helena 

Dr.  Jennie  Call  fas. 
903  Merver  Park  Blvd.,  Omah. 

Mrs.  James  D.  Finch, 
Reno 

Dorothy  B.  Jackson, 
Concord 

Mrs.  James  J.  Billington, 
Jersey  City 

Mrs.  W.  F.  Kirby, 
Tucumcari 

82 


National  Committeemen 

National   Commit teewomen 

NEW  YORK— 

Norman  E.  Mack, 

Miss  Elizabeth  Marbury, 

Buffalo 

New  York  City 

NORTH  CAROLINA— 

Angus  W.  McLean, 

Miss  Mary  0.  Graham, 

Lumberton 

Raleigh 

NORTH  DAKOTA  

H.  H.  Perry, 

Airs.  Sveinbjorn  Johnson, 

Ellendale 

Bismark 

OHIO  

OfArcrp  WFitP 

VJCUl              \V  Illlv  . 

Afrs    Rprnirp  S  Pvkf 

Marietta 

Cleveland 

OKT  AHOMA  

Oportrp   T  PiAvrprmnn 

VJVWi   j  •     i-JvJ  w  \~  i  1 1 1  a  1 1 , 

Mrs    D    A  McDnffal 

Kingfisher 

Sapulpa 

ORFGON  

Dr.  J.  W.  Morrow, 

Mrs.  Rose  G.  Schieffelin 

Portland 

Med  i'  'Til 

PFNNSYI  VANT  A  

I  l^.it  Nil      1    .      V_J  U  11  , 

Pittsburg 

Alls-,    Af'irv     \  rrli<>r 

Reading 

RHODF  TST  AND  

Patrick  H.  Quinn, 

Mrs.  Robert  E.  Newton 

Providence 

Providence 

SOUTH  CAROLINA— 

John  Gary  Evans, 

Airs.  Leroy  Springs, 

Spartanburg 

Lancaster 

SOUTH  DAKOTA— 

James  Mee, 

Mis.  William  Hickey 

Center  ville- 

Sioux  Falls 

TFNNFSSFF  

Cordell  Hull 

\|  t\       1  \  i  •  1 1  f  i  1 1 1      \  1  ( * \ 1  i 1 1  i  n 
i\l  1  >.      1  it  1  1  I  (  M  1      i\  1  L  *\  I  1  1  1  1 1  I , 

Carthage 

Nashville 

TEXAS  

Tlinmn^    R#    T  nvp 

IMMllt    DUI  LI1     i\l  <ilK)IlCjr  , 

Dallas 

Dallas 

UTAH  

l-itiipc  T-T  A/fr>v1p 

1  •  M  II  *           1  A  .     1VJ  VJ^  IV_  , 

ivxi  a.    >*  c.miiii    \  ci  noil, 

Salt  Lake  City 

Logan 

VFRMONT  

Frank  H.  Duffv, 

\frQ     C     AT  Rr<^c1ifi 

Rutland 

Rutland 

VTROTNT  A  

V  11\VJ11\  1  A  

\f  r<         ^■v^r  1  v    T-T     ATiitT  -f  r\rA 

ucvciiy   n.  lviuiiioru, 

Lynchburg 

Richmond 

WASHINGTON  

I  iPr^ro'p    F     I  linctpiKPn 

ATrc     F     Tl     r^lit-icf  ion 
.\l  I  >.    JZ,.    LJ.    v^,Ill  lSlldll, 

Stevenson 

Spokane 

WEST  VIRGINIA— 

C.  W.  Osenton, 

Airs.  Rose  McGraw  de  Berriz, 

Fayetteville 

Grafton 

83 


National  Committeemen 
WISCONSIN— 

Joseph  Martin, 
Green  Bay 

WYOMING— 

Patrick  J.  Quealy, 

Kemmerer 
ALASKA— 

L.  J.  Donohoe, 

Cordova 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA— 

John  F.  Costello, 

Washington 
HAWAII— 

John  H.  Wilson, 

Honolulu 
PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS— 

Robert  E.  Manly, 

Naga,  Camerines  Sur 
PORTO  RICO— 

Henry  W.  Dooley, 

San  Juan 
CANAL  ZONE— 

M.  A.  Otero, 

Sante  Fe,  New  Mexico 


National  Committeewomen 

Mrs.  Gertrude  Bowler, 
Sheboygan 

Mrs.  R.  D.  Hawley, 
Douglas 

Mrs.  John  W.  Troy, 
San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Mrs.  Thomas  F.  Walsh, 
Washington 

Mrs.  L.  L.  McCandless, 
Honolulu 


Mrs.  Isable  Locke  Horton, 
May  agues 

Mrs.  D.  F.  Reeder, 
Ancon 


84 


J\[ew  Tor\  State 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES  AND  ALTERNATES 
of  the 

DEMOCRATIC  PARTY 
to  the 

DEMOCRATIC  NATIONAL  CONVENTION 
NEW  YORK  CITY,  JUNE  24,  1924 


Delegates-A  t- Large 
Royal  S.  Copeland,  New  York  City 
Franklin  D.  Roosevelt,  Hyde  Park 
William  H.  Kelley,  Syracuse 
Meyer  Jacobstein,  Rochester 
Elisabeth  Marbury,  New  York  City 
Caroline  O'Day,  Rye 
Alice  Campbell  Good,  Brooklyn 
Katherine  S.  Ptohl,  Buffalo 


Alternate   Delegates- At-Large 
George  R.  Lunn,  Schenectady 
Edward  Riegelmann,  Brooklyn 
William  H.  Fitzpatrick,  Buffalo 
William  F.  Grell,  New  York  City 
Dorothea  Courten,  Richmond  Hill 
Elizabeth  Colbert,  Albany 
Harriet  May  Mills,  Syracuse 
Jessie  R.  Nicol,  Elmira 


1st  Congressional  District 

Delegates  Alternates 
Leroy  J.  Weed,  Garden  City  Frank  L.  Crocker,  Searington,  L.  1. 

Lathrop  Brown,  St.  James  Katherine  McSweeney,  Flushing 

2nd  Congressional  District 

Maurice  E.  Connolly,  Corona  Irene  Vanderhof,  Long  Island  City 

Mason  0\  Smedley,  Elmhurst  Albert  C.  B'enninger,  Evergreen 

3rd  Congressional  District 

Michael  Fogarty.  Brooklyn  Evelyn  Ward  Rehm,  Brooktyn 

Henry  Hasenflug,  Sr.,  Brooklyn         David  Sen  ft,  Brooklyn 

4th  Congressional  District 

Thomas  H.  Cullen,  Brooklyn  Marcella  Callan,  Brooklyn 

William  J.  Heffernan,  Brooklyn         John  J.  Curtin,  Brooklyn 

5th  Congressional  District 

John  B.  Johnston,  Brooklyn  Ellen  M.  Joyce,  Brooklvn 

James  P.  Judge,  Brooklyn  Mary  A.  Parker,  Brooklyn 

6th  Congressional  District 

John  H.  McCooey,  Brooklyn  Marry  F.  O'Malley,  Brooklyn 

John  J  Fitzgerald,  Brooklyn  Minnie  J.  Abel,  Brooklyn 

7th  Congressional  District 

Thomas  J.  Drennan,  Brooklyn  Harry  Howard  Dale,  Jr.,  Brooklyn 

John  F.  Quayle,  Brooklyn  Martha  Guilfoyle,  Brooklyn 

8th  Congressional  District 

Thomas  F.  Wogan,  Brooklyn  Lillian  Murphy,  Brooklyn 

Jennie  McMahon,  Brooklyn  John  J.  Dorman,  Brooklyn 


85 


9th  Congressional  District 

Delegates  Alternates 
James  P.  Sinnott,  Brooklyn  Gertrude  D.  McMahon,  Brooklyn 

William  F.  Delaney,  Brooklyn  Dorothea  Courten,  Richmond  Hill 

10th  Congressional  District 

William  F.  Thompson,  Brooklyn        flyman  Shorenstein,  Brooklyn 
James  J.  Saxton,  Brooklyn  Agnes  Riley,  Brooklyn 

11th  Congressional  District 

Thomas  F.  Foley,  New  York  City  Mayme  Mufanti,  New  York  City 
Aiming  S.  Prall,  W.  New  Brighton      Camille    McSorley,    West  New 

Brighton 

12th  Congressional  District 

Nathan  Straus,  New  York  City  Peter  Brady,  New  York  City 

Henry  M.  Gold f ogle,  New  York      Rebecca  Hoffman,  New  York  Citv 
City 

13th  Congressional  District 

James  J.  Walker,  New  York  City      Stella  DiSalvio,  New  York  City 
Bainbridge  Colby,  New  York  City      Christopher  D.  Sullivan,  N.  Y.  C. 

14th  Congressional  District 

John  W.  Perilli,  New  York  City  David  H.  Knott,  New  York  City 
Arthur  J.  Baldwin,  New  York  City     John  T.  Farley,  New  York  City 

15th  Congressional  District 

George  W.  Loft,  New  York  City  Louis  LaTour,  New  York  City 
Martha  Byrne,  New  York  City  Ellen  Downey,  New  York  City 

16th  Congressional  District 

*Charles  F.  Murphy,  New  York      William    T.   Collins,   New  York 

City  City 
Lewis  Nixon,  New  York  City  Otto  B.  Shulhof,  New  York  City 

17th  Congressional  District 

Herbert  C.  Pell,  New  York  City       Julius  Miller,  New  York  City 
Rosalie  S.  Phillips,  New  York  City     Ida  Blair,  New  York  City 

18th  Congressional  District 

John  F.  Carew,  New  York  City  Anna  Naughton,  New  York  City 

James  W.  Gerard,  New  York  City     David  Maier,  New  York  City 

19th  Congressional  District 

Joseph  Johnson,  New  York  City  John  J.  O'Keefe,  New  York  City 
Anna  Quinn,  New  York  City  Anna  M.  Kross,  New  York  City 

20th  Congressional  District 

Nathan  Burkan,  New  York  City       Sara  Paul,  New  York  City 
Francesco  M.  Ferrari,  New  York      Stephen  J.   Meagher,  New  York 
City  City 

21st  Congressional  District 

Murray  Hulbert,  New  York  City  Paul  A.  Collins,  New  York  City 
Annie  Mathews,  New  York  City        Elizabeth  V.  McCrystal,  New  York 

City 

86 


22nd  Congressional  District 

Delegates  Alternates 
Morgan  J.  O'Brien,  New  York  City      James  J.  Hoey.  New  York  City 
Daniel  L.  Ryan.  New  York  City         Mary  A.  Clark.  New  York  City 

23rd  Congressional  District 

Edward  J.  Flynn.  New  York  City      Mary  E.  Shea.  New  York  City 
Henry  Bruckner.  New  York  City      Edna  F.  Standish,  New  York  City 

24th  Congressional  District 

Louis  D.  Gibbs,  New  York  City       Sara  Friedman,  New  York  City 
Michael  J.  Walsh,  Yonkers  Harry  T.  Foley,  Yonkers 

25th  Congressional  District 

James  A.  Farley,  Stony  Point  John  H.  McArdle.  Mamaroneck 

Augustus  Thomas.  New  Rochelle       John  J.  Sinnott,  North  Tarrytown 

26th  Congressional  District 

Frederick  Osborn.  Garrison  Margaret  Mack,  Poughkeepsie 

Henry  Hunter,  Cornwall  Florence  L.  Ketchum,  Warwick 

27th  Congressional  District 
John  Connor.  Philmont  George     B.     Van  Valkenburgh, 

Catskill 

Roscoe  Irwin.  Kingston  Edward  A.  Dux.  Richmondville 

28th  Congressional  District 

Martin  H.  Glynn,  Albany  Parker  Corning.  Genmont 

james  W.  Fleming,  Troy  James  H.  Caldwell,  Troy 

29th  Congressional  District 

Joseph  A.  Kellogg,  Glens  Falls  George  Brett.  Whitehall 

Arthur     J.     Leonard,     Saratoga     Cecilia      D.      Patten,  Saratoga 
Springs  Springs 

30th  Congressional  District 

James  C.  McDonald,  Schenectady     Carl  L.  Fry.  Northville 

W.  Arthur  Kline.  Amsterdam  Josiah  H.  Dan  forth.  Gloversville 

31st  Congressional  District 

Thomas  F.  Conway.  Plattsburg  Andrew  B.  Cooney.  Malone 

William  F.  Dineen,  Ogdensburg         Joseph  Levy.  Malone 

32nd  Congressional  District 

Charles  E.  Norris.  Carthage  Peter  E.  McGovern,  Lowville 

Francis  E.  Cullen.  Oswego  John  H.  Richardson.  Oneida 

33rd  Congressional  District 

James  D.  Smith.  Utica  Frank  H.  Shall.  Little  Falls 

Albert  R.  Kessinger.  Rome  Joseph  Felts,  Verona 

34th  Congressional  District 

William  W.  Farley,  Binghamton        La  Verne  P.  Butts.  Oneonta 
Clayton  L.  Wheeler,  Hancock  David  F.  Lee.  Norwich 

87 


35th  Congressional  District 

Delegates  Alternates 
John  H.  Walrath,  Syracuse  Anna  Reitze,  Syracuse 

Neal  Brewster,  Syracuse  Fay  C  Parsons,  Cortland 

36th  Congressional  District 

Thomas  M.  Osborne,  Auburn  William  Mackin,  Waterloo 

George  K.  Shuler,  Lyons  Gilbert  H.  Baker,  Penn  Yan 

37th  Congressional  District 

Edward  J.  Dunn,  Elmira  John  W.  Gurnett,  Watkins 

Minor  McDaniels,  Ithaca  Mabel  G.  Baldwin,  Waverly 

38th  Congressional  District 

Harlan  W.  Rippey,  Rochester  Julia  D.  Tierney,  Rochester 

John  F.  Dailey,  Rochester  Adelaide  Goode,  Irondequoit 

39th  Congressional  District 

Albert  C.  Olp,  Mt.  Morris  Austin  J.  Mahoney,  Rochester 

David  A.  White,  Medina  Elizabeth  J.  Ward,  Rochester 

40th  Congressional  District 

Carl  Sherman,  Buffalo  William  J.  Landefeld,  Buffalo 

Dow  Vroman,  Tonawanda  William  Laughlin,  Niagara  Falls 

41st  Congressional  District 

Norman  E.  Mack,  Buffalo  Joseph  Rubino,  Brooklyn 

Al.  J.  Egloff,  Buffalo  John  C.  Stiglmeier,  Sloan 

42nd  Congressional  District 

William  J.  Conners,  Buffalo  William  H.  Ryan,  Buffalo 

John  P.  Sullivan,  Buffalo  John  Krysinski,  Buffalo 

43rd  Congressional  District 

Thomas  J.  Cummongs,  Dunkirk        Homer  Preston,  Jamestown 
Jeremiah  Toohey,  Olean         .  Fred  Mulkins,  Friendship 

*Died  April  25,  1924. 


88 


Democratic  Qounty  Qhairmen 
J^iew  Tor\  State 


ALBANY— 

E.  J.  O'Connell,  Albany 
ALLEGANY— 

Robert  Morgan,  Cuba 
BRONX — 

H.  B.  Chambers,  New  York 
BROOME—  • 

W.  H.  Riley,  Binghamton 
CATTARAUGUS— 

Fay  P.  Greene,  Olean 
CAYUGA— 

Harry  R.  Malone,  Auburn 
CHAUTAUQUA— 

H.  J.  Hayes,  Dunkirk 
CHEMUNG— 

F.  J.  Sullivan,  Elmira 
CHENANGO— 

D.  F.  Lee,  Norwich 
CLINTON— 

Thomas  F.  Coultry,  Altona 
COLUMBIA— 

A.  W.  Hover,  Germantown 
CORTLAND— 

W.  W.  Harrington,  Cortland 
DELAWARE— 

E.  S.  White,  Walton 
DUTCHESS— 

Philip  A.  Mylod,  Poughkeepsie 
ERIE— 

John  P.  Sullivan,  Buffalo 
ESSEX— 

R.  Lockwood,  Ticonderoga 
FRANKLIN— 

Joseph  Levy,  Malone 
FULTON— 

J.  H.  Danforth,  Gloversville 
GENESSEE— 

J.  Clark,  Batavia,  R.  F.  D. 
GREENE— 

T.  J.  O'Hara,  Prattsville 
HAMILTO'N— 

C.  L.  Fry,  Wells 
HERKIMER— 

J.  Rossman,  Mohawk 
JEFFERSON— 

T.  A.  Hendricks,  Watertown 


KINGS— 

John  J.  Dorman,  Brooklyn 
LEWIS— 

P.  McGovern,  Lowville 
LIVINGSTON— 

John  Gilman,  Scottsburg 
MADISON — 

Dr.  O.  Pfaff,  Oneida 
MONROE— 

Harold  H.  Simms,  Rochester 
MONTGOMERY— 

Arthur  Kline,  Amsterdam 

NASSAU— 

G.  J.  Reardon,  Freeport,  L.  1. 
NEW  YORK— 

I).  H.  Knott,  New  York 
NIAGARA— 

D.  Vroman,  North  Tonawanda 
ONEIDA— 

A.  Merrill,  Utica 
ONONDAGA— 

Henry  B.  Brewster,  Syracuse 
ONTARIO— 

J.  P.  Sheehan,  Clifton  Springs 
ORANGE— 

H.  W.  Chadeayne,  Newburgh 
ORLEANS— 

B.  Ryan,  Albion 
OSWEGO— 

J.  Fitzgibbons,  Oswego 
OTSEGO— 

L.  P.  Butts,  Oneonta 
PUTNAM— 

O.  Montrose,  Cold  Spring 

QUEENS— 

J.  Butler,  L.  I.  C. 

RENSSELAER— 

J.  P.  McNamee,  Troy 

RICHMOND— 

T.  R.  McGinley,  St.  George, 
S.  I. 

ROCKLAND— 

J.  A.  Farley,  Stony  Point 

ST.  LAWRENCE— 

W.  F.  Dinneen,  Ogdensburg 


89 


SARATOGA— 

William  H.  Hickey,  Mechan- 
icsville 
SCHENECTADY— 

J.  J.  Moffett,  Schenectady 
SCHOHARIE— 

I.    I.    Harrington,  Richmond- 
ville 
SCHUYLER— 

L.  H.  Durland.  Watkins 
SENECA— 

William  J.  Mackin.  Waterloo 
STEUBEN— 

F.  McCabe,  Campbell 
SUFFOLK— 

W.   T.    Hulse,  Westhampton 
Beach.  L.  I. 
SULLIVAN— 

John  J.  Burns,  Monticello 


TIOGA— 

C.  O.  Seabring,  Owego 
TOMPKINS— 

B.  F.  Lent,  Ithaca 
ULSTER— 

Roscoe  Irwin,  Kingston 
WARREN— 

M.  J.  Collins.  Jr.,  Glens  Fall* 
WASHINGTON— 

John  Burns,  Hudson  Falls 
WAYNE— 

C.  R.  'Pratt.  Williamston 

WESTCHESTER— 

O.  L.  Warren,  White  Plains 

WYOMING— 

F.  L.  Morris,  Warsaw 

YATES— 

J.  P.  Craugh,  Penn  Yan 


90 


(Democratic  State  Qommxttee 
T^ew  Tor\  State,  IQ24'IQ25 


Officers 

Chairman  Herbert  C.  Pell,  Jr. 

Associate  Chairman  Mrs.  Daniel  O'Day 

Secretary  Robert  J.  Powers 

Treasurer  Edward  E.  Perkins 

Assembly  Assembly 
District  County  District  County 

Albany  Columbia 

1  Edwin  Corning  John  Connor 

2  Daniel  P.  O'Connell 

3  Michael  T.  Smith  Cortland 

Fay  C.  Parsons 

Allegany 

Sumner  B.  Tuttle  Delaware 

_  Jerome  T.  Farrell 

Bronx 

1  Louis  F.  HafTen  Dutchess 

2  Edward  J.  FJynn  1      Henry  Morgenthau.  Jr. 

3  George  T.  Brown  2     John  E.  Mack 

4  Thomas  J.  Dolen  . 

5  William  S.  Evans  Ene 

6  Thomas  H.  O'Neil  1      John  J.  Griffin 

7  Charles  F.  Griffin  2     Louis  Goldring 

8  Philip  J.  Kearns  3     Edward  C.  Dethloff 

4      William  J.  O'Brien 

Broome  5     Alex.  A.  Patrzykowski 

1  Tracy  Farley  (>     W  illiam  C.  Culliton 

2  George  \Y.  King  7     Frank  ].  Offerman 

8     Wells  W.  Parker 

Cattaraugus 

John  D.  Dowd  Essex 
_  Roy  Lockwood 

Cayuga 

Charles  F.  Rattigan  Franklin 
_  Andrew  B.  Cooney 

Chautauqua 

1  Wi4iam  W.  Ward  Fulton-Hamilton 

2  Homer  Preston  Josiah  H.  Danforth 

Chemung  Genesee 

Daniel  Sheehan  Albert  F.  Kleps 

Chenango  Greene 

John  H.  Curtis  Lee  F.  Betts 

Clinton  Herkimer 

Victor  F.  Boire  Cornelius  Haley 


91 


Assembly 
District  County 

Jefferson 

Charles  E.  Norris 

Kings 

1  James  J.  Browne 

2  Joseph  Fennelly 

3  James  Kane 

4  Thomas  J.  Drennan 

5  James  J.  Sexton 

6  Charles  W.  Jannicky 

7  William  J.  Heffernan 

8  Patrick  J.  Diamond 

9  Thomas  E.  Wogan 

10  Peter  A.  Carey 

11  Josep  A.  Guider 

12  Timothy  E.  Griffin 

13  George  W.  Lindsay 

14  Daniel  J.  Carroll 

15  Peter  McGuinnes 

16  Kenneth  F.  Sutherland 

17  Peter  B.  Hansom 

18  John  H.  McCooey 

19  Henry  Hasenflug 

20  William  F.  Delaney 

21  Henry  Hesterberg 

22  James  P.  Sinnott 

23  Hyman  Shorenstein 

Lewis 

Harry  P.  Gould 

Livingston 

Albert  C.  Olp 

Madison 

Henry  T.  Lesis 

Monroe 

1  Leo  Boehler 

2  Patrick  A.  Grimes 

3  Frank  J.  Ritz 

4  Joseph  Adams 

5  John  B.  Hodges 

Montgomery 

Andrew  J.  Lenahan 

Nassau 

1  Thomas  J.  Cuff 

2  Philip  N.  Krug 

New  York 

1  Thomas  F.  Foley 

2  Ralph  Delli  Paoli 


Assembly 
District  County 

3  Frank  J.  Goodwin 

4  Edward  J.  Ahern 

5  Peter  J.  Dooling 

6  David  Lazarus 

7  James  J.  Hagan 

8  Solomon  Goldenkranz 

9  James  A.  Beha 

10  George  L.  Donnellan 

11  James  J.  Hines 

12  Charles  F.  Murphy* 

13  Thomas  Kane 

14  Thomas  M.  Farley 

15  Frank  J.  Briarly 

16  Stephen  A.  Ruddy 

17  James  J.  Frawley 

18  Nicholas  J.  Haves 

19  William  Allen 

20  Clarence  H.  Neal,  Jr. 

21  Edmund  P.  Holahan 

22  Joseph  J.  McCormick 

23  David  C.  Lewis 
*Died  April  25,  1924 

Niagara 

1  D.  Gurney  Spalding 

2  M.  Joseph  Gormley 

Oneida 

1  Charles  A.  McKernan 

2  Francis  Dempsey 

3  John  D.  McMahon 

Onondaga 

1  William  G.  Stuart 

2  William  H.  Kelley 

3  Richard  P.  Byrne 

Ontario 

Thomas  J.  Bolger 

Orange 

1  Henry  W.  Chadeayne 

2  William  P.  Gregg 

Orleans 

David  A.  White 

Oswego 

John  Fitzgibbons 

Otsego 

Clermonte  G.  Tennant 
Putnam 

Otis  Montrose 


92 


Assembly 
District  County 

Queens 

1  Thomas  F.  Greene 

2  Joseph  T.  Quinn 

3  Mason  O.  Smedley 

4  John  R.  Higgins 

5  Peter  F.  Albrecht 

6  Carl  Berger 

Rensselaer 

1  Gerald  B.  Fitzgerald 

2  Joseph  Riley 

Richmond 

Thomas  R.  McGinley 

Rockland 

Frank  Comesky 

St.  Lawrence 

1  David  H.  Corcoran 

2  Jeremiah  M.  Sullivan 

Saratoga 

Clarence  H.  Knapp 

Schenectady 

1  Walter  G.  Robinson 

2  Patrick  J.  Brearton 

Schoharie 

L.  E.  Rpbbe 

Schuyler 

John  M.  Quirk 

Seneca 

Joseph  F.  Marshall 

Steuben 

1  James  Hallahan 

2  Thomas  J.  Glynn 


Assembly 
District  County 

Suffolk 

1  George  C.  Young 

2  Frederick  Sheide 

Sullivan 

George  N.  Hembdt 

Tioga 

Philip  Kerrigan 

Tompkins 

Minor  McDaniels 

Ulster 

Harry  E.  Schirick 

Warren 

Joseph  A.  Kellogg 

Washington 

Winfield  A.  Hupptich 

Wayne 

Clarence  R.  Pratt 

Westchester 

1  Robert  A.  Osborne 

2  P.  A.  Murphy 

3  John  J.  Sinnott 

4  Thomas  A.  Brogan 

5  Michael  J.  Walsh 

Wyoming 

James  F.  Murphy 

Yates 

Dennis  C.  Pierce 


93 


Tammany  -Assembly  District  Leaders 
Tsfew  Tor\  Qounty,  192  4' 1925 


Dist.  Leader 

1  Daniel  E.  Finn 

Thomas  F.  Foley 

2  Harry  C.  Perry 

Christopher  D.  Sullivan 

3  Charles  W.  Culkin 
Frank  J.  Goodwin 
Charles  H.  Hussey 

4  Edward  J.  Ahearn 

5  Peter  J.  Dooling 
Thomas  J.  McManus 
John  F.  Curry 

6  David  Lazarus 

7  James  J.  Hagen 

8  Solomon  Goldenkranz 

9  Thomas  A.  Williams 

10  Charles  L.  Kohler 
Geo.  L.  Donnellan 

1 1  James  J.  Hines 

12  Charles  F.  Murphy*  \ 
Wm.  P.  Kenneally  J 
Michael  J.  Cruise 

Martin  G.  McCue 


Clubhouse 
Huron  Club 

59  Broome  Street 
Downtown  Tammany  Club 

59  Madison  Street 
Second  Assembly  Dist. 

Democratic  Club 

364  Bowery 
The  Tammany  Club 

263  Grand  Street 
The  JefTersonian  Club 

301  West  12th  Street 
Horatio  Seymour  Club 

267  West  25th  Street 
Chas.  H.  Hussey  Ass'n 

464  Eighth  Avenue 
John  F.  Ahearn  Ass'n 

290  East  Broadway 
The  Tammany  Club 

315  West  42d  Street 
The  T.  J.  McManus  Ass'n 

728  Ninth  Avenue 
John  F.  Curry  Ass'n 

413  West  57th  Street 
Jefferson  Club 

247  Seventh  Street 
Amsterdam  Dem.  Club 

131  West  64th  Street 
The  Tammany  Club 

67  St.  Marks  Place 
Thos.  A.  Williams  Demo- 
cratic Organization 

259  West  97th  Street 
Iroquois  Club 

139  West  14th  Street 
Tonkawa  Club 

61  West  49th  Street 
Monongahela  Dem.  Club 

292  Manhattan  Avenue 
Anawanda  Club 

345  Second  Avenue 
Tammany  Central  Ass'n 

226  East  32d  Street 
The  Tammany  Club 

760  Third  Avenue 


Associate-  Leader 
Mrs.  Margaret  Fay 

Mrs.  Thomas  J.  Nolan 

Miss  Elvira  Coffre 

Mrs.  Barbara  Porges 
Mrs.  Clara  E.  Keenan 
Mrs.  Mary  G.  Murphy 
Mrs.  Ellen  Downey 
Mrs.  Mary  Halpin 
Mis.  Mary  E.  Connolly 
Mrs.  B.  McCarthy 
Miss  Martha  Byrne 
Mrs.  Benjamin  Hoffman 
Mrs.  N.  Taylor  Phillips 
Mrs.  Frances  Bauman 
Mrs.  Sadie  E.  Garland 

Mrs.  Agnes  P.  Husch 
Miss  Loretta  Bonner 
Mrs.  E:  F.  Stewart 
Miss  Elizabeth  M.  Barry 
Miss  Anna  Montgomery 
Mrs.  Mary  A.  Hagerty 


Q4 


Dist.  Leader 

13  Andrew  B.  Keating 

14  Thomas  M.  Farley 

15  Frank  L.  Briarly 

16  Stephen  Ruddy 
Michael  Cosgrove 

17  Nathan  Burkan 

18  John  J.  Dietz 

H.  Warren  Hubbard 

19  William  Allen 

20  Clarence  Neal 

21  Edmund  P.  Holahan 

22  Joseph  J.  McCormick 

23  John  Mara 

*Died  April  25,  1924. 


Clubhouse 
Andrew  B.  Keating  Ass'n 

600  West  125th  Street 
Thos.  M.  Farley  Ass'n 

369  East  62d  Street 
Osceola  Club 

1019  Madison  Avenue 
Cherokee  Club 

334  East  79th  Street 
Thannawaga  Club 

326  East  86th  Street 
Wichita  Club 

74  West  114th  Street 

Miami  Club 

1451  Lexington  Avenue 
Pocasset  Club 

208  East  116th  Street 
Cayuga  Club 

2043  Seventh  Avenue 
Kanawha  Club 

161  East  124th  Street 
Chicopee  Democratic  Club 

728  St.  Nicholas  Avenue 
22d  A.  1).  Democratic  Club 

423  West  156th  Street 
Minqua  Club 

600  West  181st  Street 


Associate-Leader 
Mrs.  Abbey  Shay  Hughes 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  McDonald 

Mrs.  Ella  Hastings 

Mrs.  Mary  Russell 

Mrs.  Anna  Naughton 

Miss  Rose  Rothenberg 

Mrs.  Sara  Paul 

Mrs.  Frances  S.  Ecker 

Mrs.  Mary  A.  Quigley 

Miss  Annie  Matthews 

Mrs.  Sadita  E.  Wilson 

Mrs.  May  Guttentag 

Miss  Elizabeth  V.  McCrystal 

Mrs.  Katherine  1).  Codding 


95 


The  Governor  of  7\[eiv  Tor\ 


M.  B.  Brown  Pointing  \  Binding  Go. 
u7-41  Chambers  St.,  New  York 


